萨义德以其独特的双重身份,对西方中心权力话语做了分析,通过对文学作品、演讲演说等文本的解读,将O rie n ta lis m——"东方学",做了三重释义:一门学科、一种思维方式和一种权力话语系统,对东方学权力话语做了系统的批判,同时将东方学放入空间维度对东方学文本做了细致的解读。

萨义德的“Orientalism”释义

The four Visegrad states — Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia (until 1993 Czechoslovakia) and Hungary — form a compact area between Germany and Austria in the west and the states of the former USSR in the east. They are bounded by the Baltic in the north and the Danube river in the south. They are cut by the Sudeten and Carpathian mountain ranges, which divide Poland off from the other states. Poland is an extension of the North European plain and like the latter is drained by rivers that flow from south to north west — the Oder, the Vlatava and the Elbe, the Vistula and the Bug. The Danube is the great exception, flowing from its source eastward, turning through two 90-degree turns to end up in the Black Sea, forming the barrier and often the political frontier between central Europe and the Balkans. Hungary to the east of the Danube is also an open plain. The region is historically and culturally part of western Europe, but its eastern Marches now represents a vital strategic zone between Germany and the core of the European Union to the west and the Russian zone to the east.

Economy and Society

The End of History and the Last Man

One dimensional man

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

Organizational theory scholars typically see organizations as race-neutral bureaucratic structures, while race and ethnicity scholars have largely neglected the role of organizations in the social ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0003122418822335

A Theory of Racialized Organizations

In the millennium's inaugural decade, 2 interrelated trends influenced research on America's families of color: the need for new knowledge about America's growing ethnic/racial minority and immigrant populations and conceptual advances in critical race theories and perspectives on colorism. Three substantive areas reflecting researchers' interests in these trends emerged as the most frequently studied topics about families of color: inequality and socioeconomic mobility within and across families, interracial romantic pairings, and the racial socialization of children. In this review, we synthesize and critique the decade's scholarly literature on these topics. We devote special attention to advances in knowledge made by family-relevant research that incorporated ways of thinking from critical race theories and the conceptual discourse on colorism.

Critical Race Theories, Colorism, and the Decade's Research on Families of Color

We argue that claims of racial progress rest upon untenable teleological assumptions founded in Enlightenment discourse. We examine the theoretical and methodological focus on progress and its hist...

Against Teleology in the Study of Race: Toward the Abolition of the Progress Paradigm:

Much work in the sociology of race and ethnicity centers on an underlying narrative of racial progress. Progress narratives are typically conceptualized as a linear process of slow, yet inevitable,...

Critical Race Theory, Afro-Pessimism, and Racial Progress Narratives:

“To see what is in front of one’s nose needs a constant struggle,” George Orwell (1946) stated a while ago. I am convinced that we, blacks in the USA, are not able to see what is in front of our nose in this election cycle. Instead, we are seeing what we want and long to see. I am one-hundred percent sure that until about a year ago, almost all of us, as well as progressive race analysts out there, would have agreed with the following proposition: race matters in the USA have stagnated or, worse yet, regressed (Steinberg 2001). We had plenty of objective and subjective indicators to make our point. Objective indicators show that many of the country’s racial outcomes are still mired in a pre-civil rights mindset. The separate and unequal fallout from Hurricane Katrina, voter disenfranchisement, incarceration rates seven times those of whites (Pettit and Western 2004), persistent and growing wealth inequality (Oliver and Shapiro 2006; Shapiro 2004), residential segregation patterns and housing discrimination (Massey and Denton 1993), pre-Brown school segregation levels (Kozol 2005), the color-blind gutting of Brown v. Board of Education (Williams 2007), racialized job discrimination and exclusion from white job networks (Pager 2003; Royster 2003), the predatory, racist, distribution of subprime mortgages (Calem et al. 2004; Bocian et al. 2008), and nooses sprouting like fertilized kudzu across the U.S. all testify to a less than “transcendent” racial climate. In post-9/11Amerika, the public space to even talk about race has decreased. Racial profiling, a tactic hotly debated and questioned before 9/11, has moved from J Afr Am St (2009) 13:176–183 DOI 10.1007/s12111-008-9073-2

Victor Ray

Papers

A Theory of Racialized Organizations

Critical Race Theories, Colorism, and the Decade's Research on Families of Color

Against Teleology in the Study of Race: Toward the Abolition of the Progress Paradigm:

Critical Race Theory, Afro-Pessimism, and Racial Progress Narratives:

When Whites Love a Black Leader: Race Matters in Obamerica