Introduction to synaptic circuits, Gordon M.Shepherd and Christof Koch membrane properties and neurotransmitter actions, David A.McCormick peripheral ganglia, Paul R.Adams and Christof Koch spinal cord - ventral horn, Robert E.Burke olfactory bulb, Gordon M.Shepherd, and Charles A.Greer retina, Peter Sterling cerebellum, Rodolfo R.Llinas and Kerry D.Walton thalamus, S.Murray Sherman and Christof Koch basal ganglia, Charles J.Wilson olfactory cortex, Lewis B.Haberly hippocampus, Thomas H.Brown and Anthony M.Zador neocortex, Rodney J.Douglas and Kevan A.C.Martin Gordon M.Shepherd. Appendix: Dendretic electrotonus and synaptic integration.

The synaptic organization of the brain

Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat-cell bodies and terminals.

The distribution of cells that express mRNA encoding the androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptors was examined in adult male and female rats by using in situ hybridization. Specific labeling appeared to be largely, if not entirely, localized to neurons. AR and ER mRNA-containing neurons were widely distributed in the rat brain, with the greatest densities of cells in the hypothalamus, and in regions of the telencephalon that provide strong inputs in the medial preoptic and ventromedial nuclei, each of which is thought to play a key role in mediating the hormonal control of copulatory behavior, as well as in the lateral septal nucleus, the medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala, the amygdalohippocampal area, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Heavily labeled ER mRNA-containing cells were found in regions known to be involved in the neural control of gonadotropin release, such as the anteroventral periventricular and the arcuate nuclei, but only a moderate density of labeling for AR mRNA was found over these nuclei. In addition, clearly labeled cells were found in regions with widespread connections throughout the brain, including the lateral hypothalamus, intralaminar thalamic nuclei, and deep layers of the cerebral cortex, suggesting that AR and ER may modulate a wide variety of neural functions. Each part of Ammon's horn contained AR mRNA-containing cells, as did both parts of the subiculum, but ER mRNA appeared to be less abundant in the hippocampal formation. Moreover, AR and ER mRNA-containing cells were also found in olfactory regions of the cortex and in both the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. AR and ER may modulate nonolfactory sensory information as well since labeled cells were found in regions involved in the central relay of somatosensory information, including the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, the ventral thalamic nuclear group, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Furthermore, heavily labeled AR mRNA-containing cells were found in the vestibular nuclei, the cochlear nuclei, the medial geniculate nucleus, and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, which suggests that androgens may alter the central relay of vestibular and auditory information as well. However, of all the regions involved in sensory processing, the heaviest labeling for AR and ER mRNA was found in areas that relay visceral sensory information such as the nucleus of the solitary tract, the area postrema, and the subfornical organ. We did not detect ER mRNA in brainstem somatic motoneurons, but clearly labeled AR mRNA-containing cells were found in motor nuclei associated with the fifth, seventh, tenth, and twelfth cranial nerves. Similarly, spinal motoneurons contained AR but not ER mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cne.902940107

Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA‐containing cells in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study

The proto-oncogene c-fos is expressed in neurons in response to direct stimulation by growth factors and neurotransmitters. In order to determine whether the c-fos protein (Fos) and Fos-related proteins can be induced in response to polysynaptic activation, rat hindlimb motor/sensory cortex was stimulated electrically and Fos expression examined immunohistochemically. Three hours after the onset of stimulation, focal nuclear Fos staining was seen in motor and sensory thalamus, pontine nuclei, globus pallidus, and cerebellum. Moreover, 24-hour water deprivation resulted in Fos expression in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Fos immunohistochemistry therefore provides a cellular method to label polysynaptically activated neurons and thereby map functional pathways.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/240/4857/1328.full.pdf

Expression of c-fos protein in brain: metabolic mapping at the cellular level

Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain. I. Serotonin-1 receptors.

I. Introduction.- 1. A New Morphology.- 2. The Fiber Connections of the Cerebellar Cortex.- 3. The Design of the Cerebellar Cortex.- II. The Purkinje Cell.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Soma of the Purkinje Cell.- 3. The Nucleus.- a) The Chromatin.- b) The Nucleolus.- 4. The Perikaryon of the Purkinje Cell.- a) The Nissl Substance.- b) The Agranular Reticulum.- c) The Hypolemmal Cisterna.- d) The Golgi Apparatus.- e) Lysosomes.- f) Mitochondria.- g) Microtubules and Neurofilaments.- 5. The Dendrites of the Purkinje Cell.- a) The Form of the Dendritic Arborization.- b) Dendritic Thorns.- High Voltage Electron Microscopy of Dendritic Thorns.- c) The Fine Structure of Dendrites and Thorns.- 6. The Purkinje Cell Axon.- a) The Initial Segment.- b) The Recurrent Collaterals.- c) The Terminal Formations of the Collaterals.- Synaptic Relations of the Recurrent Collaterals.- Purkinje Cell Axon Terminals in the Central Nuclei.- 7. The Neuroglial Sheath.- 8. Some Physiological Considerations.- 9. Summary of Intracortical Synaptic Connections of Purkinje Cells.- III. Granule Cells.- 1. The Granule Cell in the Optical Microscope.- a) Some Numerical Considerations.- 2. The Granule Cell in the Electron Microscope.- a) The Nucleus.- b) The Perikaryon.- c) The Dendrites of Granule Cells.- d) The Ascending Axons of Granule Cells.- e) Ectopic Granule Cells.- f) Parallel Fibers.- 3. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Granule Cells.- IV. The Golgi Cells.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Large Golgi Cell.- a) The Form of the Large Golgi Cell.- b) The Fine Structure of Large Golgi Cells.- The Perikaryon of Large Golgi Cells.- The Dendrites of Large Golgi Cells.- The Axonal Plexus of the Goigi Cell.- 3. The Small Goigi Cell.- a) The Fine Structure of Small Goigi Cells.- b) The Synapse en marron.- c) The Dendrites and Axons.- 4. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Golgi Cells.- V. The Lugaro Cell.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Lugaro Cell in the Light Microscope.- 3. Fine Structure of the Lugaro Cel.- 4. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Lugaro Cells.- VI. The Mossy Fibers.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Mossy Fiber in the Light Microscope.- 3. The Glomerulus.- a) The History of a Concept.- b) The Fine Structure of the Glomerulus.- The Form of the Mossy Fiber Terminal.- The Core of the Mossy Fiber.- The Synaptic Vesicles.- The Granule Cell Dendrites.- The Golgi Cell Axonal Plexus.- The Protoplasmic Islet.- 4. The Identification of Different Kinds of Mossy Fibers.- 5. Summary of Intracortical Synaptic Connections of Mossy Fibers.- VII. The Basket Cell.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Form of the Basket Cell and Its Processes.- a) The Dendrites.- b) The Axon and Its Collaterals.- 3. The Fine Structure of the Basket Cell.- a) The Perikaryon.- b) The Dendrites.- c) The Axon.- The Pericellular Basket.- The Pinceau.- The Neuroglial Sheath.- 213.- 4. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Basket Cells.- VIII. The Stellate Cell.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Stellate Cell in the Light Microscope.- a) The Superficial Short Axon Cell.- b) The Deeper Long Axon Stellate Cell.- c) The Difference between Stellate and Basket Cells.- 3. The Fine Structure of the Stellate Cell.- a) The Cell Body.- The Cytoplasm.- b) The Dendrites.- c) The Axon.- 4. Some Physiological Considerations.- 5. Summary of Synaptic Connections of Stellate Cells.- IX. Functional Architectonics without Numbers.- 1. The Uses of Inhibition.- a) Basket Cells.- b) Stellate Cells.- c) Golgi Cells.- d) Purkinje Cells.- 2. The Shapes of Synaptic Vesicles.- 3. A Hitherto Unrecognized Fiber System.- 4. The Inhibitory Transmitter.- X. The Climbing Fiber.- 1. A Little History.- 2. The Climbing Fiber in the Optical Microscope.- a) The Immature Climbing Fiber Plexus.- 3. The Climbing Fiber in the Electron Microscope.- a) The Terminal Arborization in the Molecular Layer.- The Functional Significance of the Climbing Fiber Arborization.- The Advantages of Thorn Synapses.- Relationships with Basket and Stellate Cells.- b) The Climbing Fiber and Its Collaterals in the Granular Layer.- The Climbing Fiber Glomerulus.- The Climbing Fiber Synapse en marron.- The Tendril Collaterals in the Granular Layer.- c) The Fine Structure of Climbing Fiber Terminals and Their Synaptic Junction.- 4. The Connections of the Climbing Fiber.- 5. Some Functional Correlations.- 6. Summary of Intracortical Synaptic Connections of Climbing Fibers.- XI. The Neuroglial Cells of the Cerebellar Cortex.- 1. The Golgi Epithelial Cells.- a) A Little History.- b) The Golgi Epithelial Cell in the Optical Microscope.- c) The Golgi Epithelial Cell in the Electron Microscope.- The Perikaryal Processes.- The Bergmann Fibers.- The Subpial Terminals.- 2. The Velate Protoplasmic Astrocyte.- 3. The Smooth Protoplasmic Astrocyte.- 4. The Oligodendrogliocyte.- 5. The Microglia.- 6. Functional Correlations.- XII. Methods.- 1. Electron Microscopy.- a) Equipment for Perfusion of Adult Rats.- b) The Perfusion Procedure.- c) Equipment for the Dissection of Rat Brains for Electron Microscopy.- d) The Dissection Procedure.- e) The Postfixation of Tissue Slabs.- f) In-Block Staining, Dehydration, and Embedding.- g) Solutions and Other Formulas.- h) The Cutting of 1 urn Semithin Sections of Epon-Embedded Cerebellum.- i) Thin Sectioning.- j) The Staining of Thin Sections on Grids.- k) Electron Microscopy.- 2. The Golgi Methods.- a) Introduction.- b) Perfusion Solutions - Freshly Prepared.- c) Procedures for the Golgi Methods.- d) Dehydration and Infiltration of Slabs of Golgi-Impregnated Tissue for Embedding in Nitrocellulose.- 3. High Voltage Electron Microscopy.- a) Embedding and Sectioning of Golgi Material.- b) Counterstaining.- 4. Electron Microscopy of Freeze-Fractured Material.- References.

Cerebellar Cortex: Cytology and Organization

Recent physiologic investigations have shown that the deep cerebellar nuclei may play an important role in the initiation and monitoring of skilled move- ments. Much of this physiologic work has been carried out in the absence of a secure foundation in neuroanatomical information. Although the main sources of the afferent fibers and the major terminations of the efferent fibers related to these nuclei have been known for many years, remarkably little information about the organization of the nuclei themselves has been collected. The kinds of nerve cells, their arrangement within the nuclei, the patterns of their dendritic arborizations, the distribution of incoming fibers among the neurons, the relationship between the outgoing nerve fibers and the nerve cells from which they originate - these and many other morphologic features were either unknown or only superficially explored. In fact, so little was known about the deep cerebellar nuclei when I began to work on this subject that the investigations reported here are virtually without antecedents, a refreshing change from the cerebellar cortex which has been repeatedly and exhaustively surveyed. My studies on the cerebellar nuclei began in the spring of 1972. They were initiated with the intent of applying the principles of analysis that had been developed for the cerebellar cortex to a different but related part of the brain.

Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus: Organization, Cytology and Transmitters

5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-containing neurons in the rat's medullary raphe and interfascicularis hypoglossi cell groups were identified by means of autoradiography following prolonged intraventricular administration of 5-hydroxy[3H]tryptamine, fluorescence histochemistry for the demonstration of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine, and microspectrofluorimetric analysis of excitation and emission spectra. Immunocytochemical methods (the unlabeled primary antibody—peroxidase antiperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescence methods) were applied with antisera to substance P in order to localize immunoreactivity in these medullary neurons. It was demonstrated that the raphe nuclei and the interfascicularis hypoglossi nucleus are heterogeneous cell groups that contain: (i) Neurons that display both an uptake—storage capacity for 5-hydroxy[3H]tryptamine and a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence with spectral characteristics identical to those of the 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorophor. These cells exhibit high to low fluorescence intensities without detectable substance P-like immunoreactivity. (ii) Neurons with various 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorescence intensities and intense to low degrees of substance P-like immunoreactivity. (iii) Neurons with various degrees of substance P-like immunoreactivity without detectable 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorescence or 5-hydroxy[3H]tryptamine uptake and storage capacity. These results indicate that some neurons contain high or low levels of only 5-hydroxytryptamine or substance P, whereas other neurons contain both 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in various proportions. The present findings demonstrate the presence of two putative transmitters, a biogenic amine and a polypeptide, within the same neuron in the mammalian central nervous system.

Serotonin and substance P coexist in neurons of the rat's central nervous system

Injections of the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue or Granular Blue into either the hippocampus (volume approximately 50 nl) or the entorhinal area (100-150 nl) resulted in labeling by retrograde axonal transport of cells in the diagonal band of Broca (dbB) and the medial septum (MS). A large number (approximately 30%) of these cells contained glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity, as determined by combined retrograde fluorescent tracing and GAD-immunohistochemistry. Not all GAD positive cells in the dbB and MS were labeled by fluorochromes in a single experiment. The GAD-stained and fluorochrome-containing cells were present at all rostro-caudal levels of the septum and appeared not to belong to any single morphological class of cells. Double staining experiments showed that the GAD-positive cells did not contain acetylcholinesterase reaction product. These findings provide evidence that a significant portion of the septo-hippocampal projection may utilize gamma-aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter.

Septal neurons containing glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity project to the hippocampal region in the rat brain.

Serotonin axons in the supra- and subependymal plexuses and in the leptomeninges; Their roles in local alterations of cerebrospinal fluid and vasomotor activity

Victoria Chan-Palay

Papers

Cerebellar Cortex: Cytology and Organization

Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus: Organization, Cytology and Transmitters

Serotonin and substance P coexist in neurons of the rat's central nervous system

Septal neurons containing glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity project to the hippocampal region in the rat brain.

Serotonin axons in the supra- and subependymal plexuses and in the leptomeninges; Their roles in local alterations of cerebrospinal fluid and vasomotor activity