The worldwide thirst for portable consumer electronics in the 1990s had an enormous impact on portable power. Lithium ion batteries, in which lithium ions shuttle between an insertion cathode (e.g., LiCoO2) and an insertion anode (e.g., carbon), emerged as the power source of choice for the highperformance rechargeable-battery market. The performance advantages were so significant that lithium ion batteries not only replaced Ni-Cd batteries but left the purported successor technology, nickel-metal hydride, in its wake.1 The thick metal plates of * To whom correspondence should be addressed. J.W.L: e-mail, jwlong@ccs.nrl.navy.mil; telephone, (+1)202-404-8697. B.D.: e-mail, bdunn@ucla.edu; telephone, (+1)310-825-1519. D.R.R.: e-mail, rolison@nrl.navy.mil; telephone, (+1)202-767-3617. H.S.W.: e-mail, white@chem.utah.edu; telephone, (+1)810-585-6256. † Naval Research Laboratory. ‡ UCLA. § University of Utah. 4463 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4463−4492

Three-dimensional battery architectures.

Microinjection molding (µIM) appears to be one of the most efficient processes for the large-scale production of thermoplastic polymer microparts. The microinjection molding process is not just a scaling down of the conventional injection process; it requires a rethinking of each part of the process. This review proposes a comparative description of each step of the microinjection molding process (µIM) with conventional injection molding (IM). Micromolding machines have been developed since the 1990s and a comparison between the existing ones is made. The techniques used for the realization of mold inserts are presented, such as lithography process (LIGA), laser micromachining and micro electrical discharge machining (µEDM). Regarding the molding step, the variotherm equipment used for the temperature variation is presented and the problems to solve for each molding phase are listed. Throughout this review, the differences existing between µIM and conventional molding are highlighted.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/17/6/R02/pdf

Microinjection molding of thermoplastic polymers: a review

Micro and Nano Machining by Electro-Physical and Chemical Processes

Hybrid processes in manufacturing

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1275&context=mechengfacpub

Review of Electrochemical and Electrodischarge Machining

Electrochemical micromachining with ultrashort voltage pulses–a versatile method with lithographical precision

Application of ultrashort voltage pulses to a tiny tool electrode under suitable electrochemical conditions enables precise three-dimensional machining of stainless steel In order to reach submicrometer precision and high processing speed, the formation of a passive layer on the workpiece surface during the machining process has to be prevented by proper choice of the electrolyte Mixtures of concentrated hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acid are well suited in this respect and allow the automated machining of complicated three-dimensional microelements The dependence of the machining precision on pulse duration and pulse amplitude was investigated in detail

/pdf/electrochemical-micromachining-of-stainless-steel-by-3w9ompr147.pdf

Electrochemical Micromachining of Stainless Steel by Ultrashort Voltage Pulses

An electrochemical pulse technique enables the fabrication of three-dimensional microelements from stainless steel. The method is based on the application of ultrashort (nanosecond) voltage pulses, whereupon electrochemical reactions are locally confined with submicrometer precision. Employing properly shaped tool electrodes enables the machining of freestanding cantilevers or microstructures directly to a metal sheet. Due to gentle removal of the material, the grain structure of the material is revealed without any chemical or mechanical modifications. This is demonstrated by measuring the vibration frequency of a cantilever, and agrees well with the value derived from the bulk material properties.

/pdf/electrochemical-machining-of-stainless-steel-microelements-1gecjnn872.pdf

Electrochemical machining of stainless steel microelements with ultrashort voltage pulses

The application of nanosecond voltage pulses to electrodes provides three ways to conduct local electrochemistry on the micro- to nanometer scale. (1) The finite charging time of the double-layer capacity allows the machining of three-dimensional microstructures. (2) In an electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope, reactions are confined to the tunneling region, due to the depletion of the electrolyte in the tip−surface gap. (3) Ordering processes, following very fast electrochemical reactions, lead to unconventional island patterns on a surface.

Electrochemical nanostructuring with ultrashort voltage pulses.

Electrochemical micromachining (ECM) of p-type Si substrates is accomplished in HF-based solutions by applying nanosecond potential pulses between the substrate and a tungsten tool electrode. With sufficiently high potential pulses, the silicon potential locally reaches the electropolishing regime and microstructures may be machined. ECM precision is investigated as a function of pulse height, pulse duration, solution composition, and silicon doping level. Results show that micrometer precision may be obtained with highly doped substrates and that experimental data can be explained within a simple model, taking the charging time of the interface capacitance into account. In highly doped p-Si, well-defined microstructures can be realized without application of a mask on the surface. In addition, the isotropy of the process allows fabrication of structures not constrained by the crystal direction. In the case of low-doped material, ECM is only possible for very short pulses (<3 ns).

Viola Kirchner

Papers

Electrochemical micromachining with ultrashort voltage pulses–a versatile method with lithographical precision

Electrochemical Micromachining of Stainless Steel by Ultrashort Voltage Pulses

Electrochemical machining of stainless steel microelements with ultrashort voltage pulses

Electrochemical nanostructuring with ultrashort voltage pulses.

Electrochemical micromachining of p-type silicon