International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003の要求清浄度について － シリコンウエハ表面と雰囲気環境に要求される清浄度, 分析方法の現状について －

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Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy

Computer Controlled Systems: Theory and Design

This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.

Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications

In undergoing this life, many people always try to do and get the best. New knowledge, experience, lesson, and everything that can improve the life will be done. However, many people sometimes feel confused to get those things. Feeling the limited of experience and sources to be better is one of the lacks to own. However, there is a very simple thing that can be done. This is what your teacher always manoeuvres you to do this one. Yeah, reading is the answer. Reading a book as this oral histology development structure and function and other references can enrich your life quality. How can it be?

Oral Histology Development Structure And Function

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has a broad range of applications in 2D and volumetric imaging of micron scale structures typically used on inaccessible objects such as the retina of the eye. This report focuses on Swept Source OCT (SS-OCT), favoured for its faster scanning speeds and therefore faster data acquisition (highly favourable when imaging live patients). SS-OCT relies on the scanning of a narrow laser line at speeds typically in excess of 100 kHz. We have employed ZemaxTM ray tracing software to simulate one method of splitting the spectrum of a broadband, near-infrared source, into its component wavelengths by reflecting the spectrum from an off-axis, 72-facet polygon mirror at a frequency of 48 kHz. We specifically addressed the geometric and radiometric vignetting associated with the reflected spectrum off an individual mirrored facet and how this may impose limitations to the incident beam size and hence lead to a loss in the power available from the source. It was found that for certain...

Geometric & radiometric vignetting associated with a 72-facet, off-axis, polygon mirror for swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)

The paper approaches the optical choppers for two of their possible functions, i.e. attenuators and modulators. An
overview of the different types of optical attenuators is also achieved. Constructive and design considerations of
choppers are discussed. Various possible configurations of rotating wheels are considered, in relationship with the
diameter of the light bundle, in order to produce a certain signal modulation, i.e. a required profile of the transmitted
flux. A source of errors regarding the use of these devices is discussed. We describe an adjustable rotating wheel that we
have designed and produced to allow for the adjustment of the geometrical parameters of chopper for experiments.

Optical choppers: modulators and attenuators

The paper presents some of our advances in the study and development of optical choppers. The modulation functions
we have studied for classical choppers are pointed out – for top-hat (constant intensity) light beam distributions. The
eclipse choppers that, to the best of our knowledge we have introduced are also presented. We thus point out the
differences between the profiles of light (laser) impulses produced by the classical devices (with rotating wheels with
windows with linear edges) and the novel eclipse choppers – under patent (with windows with circular edges that
produce for the circular-shaped section of the laser beam in the plane of the wheel a planetary eclipse-like effect – from
which the name we have proposed for this type of device). The most convenient (from the technological and from the
cost point of view) solution, with wheels with circular holes is also obtained. The advantages and the drawbacks of the
various devices are discussed. Both a theoretical and an experimental approach are considered. The latter is done on a
chopper module we have constructed, with prototype chopper wheels we have designed and manufactured. Throughout
the study, top-hat laser beams are considered, as they are most used in laser manufacturing applications. The perspective
of conducting the study on other light beams distributions (e.g., Gaussian) is also pointed out.

Classical and eclipse optical choppers

An analysis of polygonal mirror (PM) scanning heads has been performed, in order to provide a tool for their optimal design. The theory developed brings under the same umbrella applications that range from industrial dimensional measurements to high-end biomedical imaging, for example for broadband laser sources swept in frequency for Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT). The different characteristic parameters of the PM scanning heads were considered in order to achieve a rigorous analysis: number of PM facets, inner radius of the PM, eccentricity of the PM pivot with regard to the incident fixed laser beam, distance from this beam to the principal plane of the objective lens, and angular velocity of the PM. The functions that characterize the PM scanning head have been deduced: scanning function and velocity, characteristic angles, duty cycle, and two migration functions (longitudinal and transversal) that allow for an optimized designing calculus of the PM placed in different SS configurations. The analytic and numerical analysis of these functions has been performed with regard to the characteristic parameters of the scanning head. Experimental validations of the theory were further completed. While the above analysis has been carried out for a characteristic ray of the collimated laser beam (i.e., its central axes), it also allows for considering in a simple way the finite diameter of the beam. Thus, a discussion on the deformation of the beam – as produced by the eccentric rotational PM facet – can also be perfomed. A comparison of the PM scanner with the most common types of laser scanners highlights its advantages and drawbacks for OCT.

Analysis of polygonal mirror scanning heads: from industrial to high-end applications in swept sources for OCT

The biomechanical behaviour of the periodontal ligament (PDL) is still not well understood although this topic has been studied for almost 100 years This study reports on clinical and mathematical studies to determine the constitutive law of the PDL A set of mechanical parameters of the tooth-PDL system is obtained, and a new method for the evaluation of these parameters from the free response of the tooth is introduced This response is produced by repeated impacts applied to the gingival tissue in the apical part of the tooth investigated-with the aid of a Periotest exciter A Doppler ultrasound probe is utilized to determine the response of the tooth-PDL system The parameters evaluated from these measurements can be considered as the elastometric properties of the dental system investigated A modal analysis/system identification method is utilized to estimate these parameters The investigations are carried out for different teeth abutments, both with and without a dental bridge/fixed partial prosthesis (FPP) The differences between the responses of the systems in these two cases are determined with the new method proposed They are discussed with regard to the specific purposes of the FPP The study demonstrates that this method can provide the dentist with the necessary objective evaluations regarding the properties and health of the tooth-PDL system, as well as of the construct that is obtained after installing a dental bridge

/pdf/mechanical-properties-of-the-periodontal-system-and-of-4v0uajkakl.pdf

Virgil-Florin Duma

Papers

Geometric & radiometric vignetting associated with a 72-facet, off-axis, polygon mirror for swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)

Optical choppers: modulators and attenuators

Classical and eclipse optical choppers

Analysis of polygonal mirror scanning heads: from industrial to high-end applications in swept sources for OCT

Mechanical Properties of the Periodontal System and of Dental Constructs Deduced from the Free Response of the Tooth.