International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003の要求清浄度について － シリコンウエハ表面と雰囲気環境に要求される清浄度, 分析方法の現状について －

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Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy

Computer Controlled Systems: Theory and Design

This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.

Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications

In undergoing this life, many people always try to do and get the best. New knowledge, experience, lesson, and everything that can improve the life will be done. However, many people sometimes feel confused to get those things. Feeling the limited of experience and sources to be better is one of the lacks to own. However, there is a very simple thing that can be done. This is what your teacher always manoeuvres you to do this one. Yeah, reading is the answer. Reading a book as this oral histology development structure and function and other references can enrich your life quality. How can it be?

Oral Histology Development Structure And Function

In clinical dental practice it is often difficult or even impossible to distinguish and control interfacial adhesive defects from adhesive restorations using visual inspection or other traditional diagnostic methods. Nonetheless, non-invasive biomedical imaging methods like Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) may provide a better view in this diagnostic outline. The aim of this study is to explore evaluations of the marginal adaptation of class I resin composites restorations using Time Domain (TD) OCT. Posterior human teeth have been chosen for this study. The teeth were stored in 0.9% physiological saline solution prior to use. A classical round-shaped class I cavity was prepared and cavities were restored with Charisma Diamond composite by Heraeus Kulzer and using a system of etch and rinse boding. The specimens were subjected to water storage and then to thermo-cycling. Three dimensional (3-D) scans of the restoration were obtained using a TD-OCT system centered at a 1300 nm wavelength. Open marginal adaptation at the interfaces and gaps inside the composite resins materials were identified using the proposed method. In conclusion, OCT has numerous advantages which justify its use for in vitro, as well as for in vivo studies. It can therefore be considered for non-invasive and fast detection of gaps at the restoration interface.

Marginal integrity evaluation of dental composite using optical coherence tomography

New ways of employing optics at the micro and nanometer scale are of interest. This study analyses the most common two micro-mirror shapes (i.e., spherical and parabolic) that can be used for on-chip communication - in conjunction with fiber optics/waveguides. The classical conic sections that can be used for micro-mirrors are described and a technological approach to design and manufacture such devices is presented. Finally an optimization of the parabolic micro-mirror is achieved. Other micro-mirror shapes (e.g., elliptical and hyperbolic) can be approached and compared using the same procedure. The large area of applications of such micro-mirrors includes intra- or inter-chips communications, as well as free-space optics used for various optical systems: micro-optics, optical amplifiers, lasers, and wavelength converters.

Analysis of curved shape micro-mirrors for on-chip communication

The issue of obtaining precise scan patterns using optical wedges (usually named Risley prisms) devices is related to the
driving solutions of the prisms. In this paper we make first an overview of the existing and possible devices with Risley
prisms – especially from the point of view of their components and of the relative movement between their components.
Further on, we discuss several driving solutions for the accurate driving of Risley prisms with different dimensions and
masses – thus for different applications, from satellite positioning to biomedical imaging. The different levels of
accuracy required are taken into account. Another aspect that may suggest different driving solutions is the coupled and
uncoupled movement of the two prisms. We thus make a preliminary study regarding specific solutions for prisms that
have to move with a given relative speed, with a set of given relative speeds or with the possibility to adjust it within
certain limits. Some of the parameters and of the envisaged errors of three types of driving solutions are pointed out.

Driving solutions and optomechanical design of scanners with Risley prisms

The assessment of dental issues is done nowadays both clinically and radiologically. The latter includes radiographs that are based on X-ray radiation, i.e. intraoral radiography, panoramic radiography, and three-dimensional (3D) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). In several cases, radiographs have limitations, as they do not reveal dental issues such as small cavities, enamel cracks, or tooth erosion. These aspects can be visible with another medical imaging technique, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The aim of this study is to present a few results obtained with an in-house developed swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) system on several dental issues that cannot be visible on radiographs. These results prove that OCT can be utilized in dentistry, with advantages such as radiation free technique and superior resolution. This study presents both radiography and OCT images for different dental issues which include small cavities, metal crowns cracks, or crowns manufactured with different materials (i.e., zirconia, ceramics, or composite). Firstly, samples have been analyzed radiologically and some abnormalities could be detected, but they could be correctly assessed. Secondly, these abnormalities have been analyzed with the SS-OCT system and finally all images and collected data from both medical imaging techniques have been compared. One of the conclusions is that OCT is more appropriate than radiography for several dental issues such as those presented in this study. These two medical imaging techniques can therefore be complementary in dental medicine.

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A combination of imaging techniques for dental medicine: from x-rays radiography and 3D CBCT to OCT

A remarkable progress has been made over the last decades on regular structures having dimensions similar to, or even smaller than the wavelengths of light. Such regular structures exhibit peculiar behaviors when interacting with light travelling through them - in quite different way from what would be expected from classical optics - like, for example, inhibition of light transmission and photonic band gap formation. As a noteworthy example we mention the exploits of photonic crystals properties in the field of supercontinuum lasers. This paper will briefly review photonic crystals by going over their basic topologies, as well as comparing their capabilities and range of medical applications. Our directions of research in this respect are pointed out.

Virgil-Florin Duma

Papers

Marginal integrity evaluation of dental composite using optical coherence tomography

Analysis of curved shape micro-mirrors for on-chip communication

Driving solutions and optomechanical design of scanners with Risley prisms

A combination of imaging techniques for dental medicine: from x-rays radiography and 3D CBCT to OCT

Fundamentals and biomedical applications of photonic crystals: an overview