International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003の要求清浄度について － シリコンウエハ表面と雰囲気環境に要求される清浄度, 分析方法の現状について －

principles and techniques of electron microscopy principles and techniques of electron microscopy electron microscopy and optics: general textbooks principles and techniques of electron microscopy principles and techniques of electron microscopy principles and techniques of digital holographic microscopy scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence of quartz introduction to transmission/scanning transmission principles and technique of fluorescence microscopy by m principles and techniques of electron microscopy: volume 1 principles of the phase contrast (electron) microscopy principles and techniques of electron microscopy lecture 1 the principles of microscopy principles in light microscopy scanning techniques in electron microscopy

Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy

Computer Controlled Systems: Theory and Design

This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.

Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications

In undergoing this life, many people always try to do and get the best. New knowledge, experience, lesson, and everything that can improve the life will be done. However, many people sometimes feel confused to get those things. Feeling the limited of experience and sources to be better is one of the lacks to own. However, there is a very simple thing that can be done. This is what your teacher always manoeuvres you to do this one. Yeah, reading is the answer. Reading a book as this oral histology development structure and function and other references can enrich your life quality. How can it be?

Oral Histology Development Structure And Function

The paper explores the possibilities of achieving a galvanometric scanner with an enhanced, as close as possible to
100%, duty cycle (η) even for high scan, i.e. high oscillation, frequencies. Nowadays solutions provide high η, but up to
certain frequencies. The study of this limit frequency, of its relationship with the duty cycle, and the ascertainment of the
scanning and command functions that may produce better results, is the final scope of this work. The scanning device is considered in a setup characteristic to the dimensional, usually on-line, industrial measurements. A detailed theoretical study is performed, starting with the equation of the mobile element of the galvoscanner. The expressions of the active torque and of the necessary command function that has to be used are obtained, with regard to the desired scanning function. This is considered linear and symmetrical on its active portions and with non-linear returning portions that have to be performed as fast as possible. Two such functions for the returning portions are considered and studied: parabolic and sinusoidal. The best scanning function, with regard to achieving the objectives of the device (high duty cycle for high frequencies), is obtained and the way the necessary command function has to be deduced is discussed.

Theoretical approach on a galvanometric scanner with an enhanced duty cycle

We review some of the most important scanning systems that are competitive in high-end biomedical imaging applications such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), but also Confocal Microscopy (CM) or multiphoton microscopy. Both 1-D (uni-dimensional) and 2-D (bi-dimensional) scanning systems are considered. The paper discusses different scanners, including polygon mirror, galvanometer-based and Risley prisms. Their configurations and characteristics, as well some of our contributions in the domain are presented. The tendency of applying them into special designs such as handheld scanning probes and endoscopes – the latter with MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) and micro-systems is pointed out. A discussion on further advancements of scanning technology in biomedical applications in general and in OCT in particular concludes the study.

Scanning in biomedical imaging: from classical devices to handheld heads and micro-systems

The most common imaging technique for dental diagnoses and treatment monitoring is X-ray imaging, which evolved from the first intraoral radiographs to high-quality three-dimensional (3D) Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Other imaging techniques have shown potential, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). We have recently reported on the boundaries of these two types of techniques, regarding. the dental fields where each one is more appropriate or where they should be both used. The aim of the present study is to explore the unique capabilities of the OCT technique to optimize X-ray units imaging (i.e., in terms of image resolution, radiation dose, or contrast). Two types of commercially available and widely used X-ray units are considered. To adjust their parameters, a protocol is developed to employ OCT images of dental conditions that are documented on high (i.e., less than 10 μm) resolution OCT images (both B-scans/cross sections and 3D reconstructions) but are hardly identified on the 200 to 75 μm resolution panoramic or CBCT radiographs. The optimized calibration of the X-ray unit includes choosing appropriate values for the anode voltage and current intensity of the X-ray tube, as well as the patient’s positioning, in order to reach the highest possible X-rays resolution at a radiation dose that is safe for the patient. The optimization protocol is developed in vitro on OCT images of extracted teeth and is further applied in vivo for each type of dental investigation. Optimized radiographic results are compared with un-optimized previously performed radiographs. Also, we show that OCT can permit a rigorous comparison between two (types of) X-ray units. In conclusion, high-quality dental images are possible using low radiation doses if an optimized protocol, developed using OCT, is applied for each type of dental investigation. Also, there are situations when the X-ray technology has drawbacks for dental diagnosis or treatment assessment. In such situations, OCT proves capable to provide qualitative images.

Optimization of X-ray Investigations in Dentistry Using Optical Coherence Tomography.

Dental adhesives are used in a wide range of applications, including to place direct composite restorations in frontal or posterior teeth. One of the most frequent causes for the failure of composite resin restorations is microleakages. The first aim of this work is to introduce a new type of self-etched dental adhesive doped with magnetic nanoparticles (MPs) synthetized in the laboratory. The scope is to produce adhesives with a minimized width/thickness to decrease the risk of microleakages. The second aim is to assess the width/thickness of the adhesive layer in all the characteristic areas of the teeth using both the less precise but most common optical microscopy and the more accurate and volumetric micro-Computed Tomography (CT) investigations. Twenty extracted teeth have been divided into four groups: Group 1 includes ‘blank’ samples with adhesives that are not doped with MPs; Group 2 includes samples with adhesives doped with MPs; Groups 3 and 4 include samples with adhesives doped with MPs that are subjected to an active magnetic field for 5 and 10 min, respectively. Microscopy investigations followed by micro-CT and EDAX are performed on the adhesive. While a rather good agreement is obtained between the microscopy and micro-CT results, the capability of the latter to offer a full volumetric reconstruction of the layer is exploited to analyze the adhesion of the four considered dental materials. Thus, from micro-CT results the graphs of the surface areas as functions of the adhesive layer width are modeled mathematically, as well as the volume of sealants, for each of the four groups. To our knowledge, it is the first time that such a methodology is used. Characteristic parameters are extracted and the ascertainment of the optimal parameter that should be utilized for such assessments is discussed. The study demonstrates the adhesion improvement produced for Groups 3 and 4, where MPs are used. It also concludes that the magnetic field should be applied to the adhesive material for the longest possible exposure time (with a trade-off with the clinical duration of the treatment).

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/18/3908/pdf

Dental Adhesive Interfaces Reinforced with Magnetic Nanoparticles: Evaluation and Modeling with Micro-CT versus Optical Microscopy.

Objectives The aim of the present study was to assess the capability of the low-cost VELscope device to visualize the tissue auto-fluorescence of potentially malignant oral lesions and to establish the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of this method when validating the retrieved data through the gold standard, i.e., histological examination. Patients, materials and methods Eighteen patients were evaluated by conventional oral examination (COE) followed by direct visual fluorescence evaluation (DVFE) using VELscope. Areas clinically suspicious detected by COE or with positive DVFE (visual fluorescence loss) were further investigated using surgical biopsy. Results Eight positive biopsies for malignant lesions were detected by COE and DVFE. Only one positive biopsy for a premalignant lesion was not in accordance with COE and DVFE. One lesion identified on the VELscope and COE as a non-malignant lesion was confirmed by the biopsy. Therefore, the VELscope system had a sensitivity of 94.44% and a specificity of 100% in discriminating in situ normal mucosa from carcinoma or from invasive carcinoma, compared with histology. The predictive positive value was 100% and the negative predictive value was 50%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Conclusions DVFE allows for a simple and cost-effective margin determination, in order to perform the detection and screening of oral precancerous and early cancerous disorders. It was found that the VELscope system could not fully replace the histopathology procedure. Nonetheless, the study demonstrated its usefulness for clinical examination, monitoring oral lesions, and guiding the biopsy. Therefore, this method may add sensitivity to the oral tissue examination and be an effective adjunct for high-risk patients.

Virgil-Florin Duma

Papers

Theoretical approach on a galvanometric scanner with an enhanced duty cycle

Scanning in biomedical imaging: from classical devices to handheld heads and micro-systems

Optimization of X-ray Investigations in Dentistry Using Optical Coherence Tomography.

Dental Adhesive Interfaces Reinforced with Magnetic Nanoparticles: Evaluation and Modeling with Micro-CT versus Optical Microscopy.

Fluorescence influence on screening decisions for oral malignant lesions.