Better stewardship of land is needed to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of holding warming to below 2 °C; however, confusion persists about the specific set of land stewardship options available and their mitigation potential. To address this, we identify and quantify "natural climate solutions" (NCS): 20 conservation, restoration, and improved land management actions that increase carbon storage and/or avoid greenhouse gas emissions across global forests, wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural lands. We find that the maximum potential of NCS-when constrained by food security, fiber security, and biodiversity conservation-is 23.8 petagrams of CO2 equivalent (PgCO2e) y-1 (95% CI 20.3-37.4). This is ≥30% higher than prior estimates, which did not include the full range of options and safeguards considered here. About half of this maximum (11.3 PgCO2e y-1) represents cost-effective climate mitigation, assuming the social cost of CO2 pollution is ≥100 USD MgCO2e-1 by 2030. Natural climate solutions can provide 37% of cost-effective CO2 mitigation needed through 2030 for a >66% chance of holding warming to below 2 °C. One-third of this cost-effective NCS mitigation can be delivered at or below 10 USD MgCO2-1 Most NCS actions-if effectively implemented-also offer water filtration, flood buffering, soil health, biodiversity habitat, and enhanced climate resilience. Work remains to better constrain uncertainty of NCS mitigation estimates. Nevertheless, existing knowledge reported here provides a robust basis for immediate global action to improve ecosystem stewardship as a major solution to climate change.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/44/11645.full.pdf

Natural climate solutions

https://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/publication/pdfs/2231-payn_et_al_2015.pdf

Changes in planted forests and future global implications

Afforestation, the conversion of non-forested lands to forest plantations, can sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the rapid growth and harvesting of biomass may deplete nutrients and degrade soils if managed improperly. The goal of this study is to evaluate how afforestation affects mineral soil quality, including pH, sodium, exchangeable cations, organic carbon, and nitrogen, and to examine the magnitude of these changes regionally where afforestation rates are high. We also examine potential mechanisms to reduce the impacts of afforestation on soils and to maintain long-term productivity. Across diverse plantation types (153 sites) to a depth of 30 cm of mineral soil, we observed significant decreases in nutrient cations (Ca, K, Mg), increases in sodium (Na), or both with afforestation. Across the data set, afforestation reduced soil concentrations of the macronutrient Ca by 29% on average (P , 0.05). Afforestation by Pinus alone decreased soil K by 23% (P , 0.05). Overall, plantations of all genera also led to a mean 71% increase of soil Na (P , 0.05). Mean pH decreased 0.3 units (P , 0.05) with afforestation. Afforestation caused a 6.7% and 15% (P , 0.05) decrease in soil C and N content respectively, though the effect was driven principally by Pinus plantations (15% and 20% decrease, P , 0.05). Carbon to nitrogen ratios in soils under plantations were 5.7-11.6% higher (P , 0.05). In several regions with high rates of afforestation, cumulative losses of N, Ca, and Mg are likely in the range of tens of millions of metric tons. The decreases indicate that trees take up considerable amounts of nutrients from soils; harvesting this biomass repeatedly could impair long-term soil fertility and productivity in some locations. Based on this study and a review of other literature, we suggest that proper site preparation and sustainable harvest practices, such as avoiding the removal or burning of harvest residue, could minimize the impact of afforestation on soils. These sustainable practices would in turn slow soil compaction, erosion, and organic matter loss, maintaining soil fertility to the greatest extent possible.

/pdf/a-global-meta-analysis-of-soil-exchangeable-cations-ph-4jtmtopit9.pdf

A global meta-analysis of soil exchangeable cations, pH, carbon, and nitrogen with afforestation.

O objetivo deste texto e auxiliar os alunos da pos-graduacao a escolherem o tema, realizarem suas pesquisas e redigirem suas dissertacoes de mestrado.

https://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/seer/index.php/oculum/article/download/356/336

Metodologia de pesquisa

http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fs/kpuettmann/FE%202%202015.pdf

Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management - what limits global adoption?

Strategies model of Alto Vale do Rio Negro furniture sector according to Porter's concepts.

O conteudo e apresentado em nove capitulos: 1 - Resumo; 2 - Introducao; 3 - Oportunidades para a utilizacao de serrarias portateis em florestas de pinus e eucaliptos; 4 - Vantagens e restricoes a utilizacao de serrarias portateis; 5 - Area florestal necessaria para a operacao sustentada de uma serraria portatil; 6 - Pinus; 7 - Eucalipto; 8 - O caso da COTREL / EMBRAPA; 9 - Conclusao .

/pdf/a-utilizacao-de-serrarias-portateis-em-florestas-de-pinus-e-110tpn0g2i.pdf

A utilização de serrarias portáteis em florestas de pinus e eucaliptos em pequenas propriedades rurais: a experiência da Embrapa / Cotrel

The Brazilian forests contribute to generate 6 million jobs; governments recognize the importance of the forests, however, they admit the existence of conflicts between economic interests and conservationists. In this way, some authors accept decentralization as a tool for forest governance practice. This research aimed to describe the process of decentralization of forest resources management in Brazil, mainly after Law 11.284/06. In Brazil there is a territorial decentralization established by the Constitution. Decentralization is based on transference of authority and responsibility, for public affairs, from the central government to local governments. The decentralization of forest management started with the Law of Public Forest Management - No. 11.284/06, which transferred jurisdiction in forest area from the Federal Government to states environmental agencies. The law established that IBAMA should design ways of working together to the local bodies. We conclude that the process of decentralization is necessary, not only for the states autonomy in order to conduct their forestry policies, but also to get society closer to country’s forest reality. The Public Forest Management Law sought to finish the ambiguities towards the powers to legislate on forests.

/pdf/o-processo-de-descentralizacao-da-gestao-florestal-5ca6rokxrh.pdf

O processo de descentralização da gestão florestal brasileira a partir da lei de gestão de florestas públicas - lei 11.284/06

The forest concession policy objective is to prevent forest degradation, transfer part of the functions and public responsibilities to the private sector and at the same time increase income and improving the life quality of local people. Of the total 310.7 million hectares of federal public forests in Brazil, 77% are destined areas and 23% hectares of are not destined areas. However, the areas under concessions are the National Forests, a conservation unit with the objective of sustainable multiple use of forest resources and scientific research. In this context, this paper aims to discuss two points related to the forest concession on destined areas, first regarding financial resources for monitoring activities of Public Forests under concessions and for the maintenance of conservation units; and the second regarding the indicators measured in the management area under forest concession.

Destination of public forests in Brazil: an analysis of forest concessions

The present research is a study curried out from 2005-2007 on the profile of furniture industries in the municipalities of Chapeco and Coronel Freitas, located in the western region of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil The main objectives were to characterize and to analyze the productive/supply chain in order to learn about the perspectives of sustainability of the furniture industry For that purpose, a complete census applying a questionnaire with open and closed answers was made, as well as visit to the production lines of the industries In Coronel Freitas there were eighteen reasonably structured companies, producing kitchens, dining rooms, bathroom and bedroom counters In Chapeco only ten companies were left making standardized furniture and twenty nine making customized furniture The market has presented some imperfect competition nuances, with product differentiation and the search for new niches Most firms (46%) are of small size while 40% are even smaller, the so-called microenterprises The technological level varied from the simple artisan up to full mechanization Gross average annual revenue was estimated to be around R$ 49389,00000 with a potential to reach R$ 92631,00000 The main reasons alleged for the actual situation were: taxes, labor legislation, labor training, lack of official policies, market demand and cash flow problems The study allowed us to infer and to suggest several government policies, at three levels, in order for economic sustainability and also actions among the enterprises in particular those stimulating partnerships

/pdf/caracterizacao-e-perspectivas-do-polo-moveleiro-de-coronel-51twljfclo.pdf

Vitor Afonso Hoeflich

Papers

Strategies model of Alto Vale do Rio Negro furniture sector according to Porter's concepts.

A utilização de serrarias portáteis em florestas de pinus e eucaliptos em pequenas propriedades rurais: a experiência da Embrapa / Cotrel

O processo de descentralização da gestão florestal brasileira a partir da lei de gestão de florestas públicas - lei 11.284/06

Destination of public forests in Brazil: an analysis of forest concessions

Caracterização e perspectivas do polo moveleiro de coronel freitas, sc, brasil