Better stewardship of land is needed to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of holding warming to below 2 °C; however, confusion persists about the specific set of land stewardship options available and their mitigation potential. To address this, we identify and quantify "natural climate solutions" (NCS): 20 conservation, restoration, and improved land management actions that increase carbon storage and/or avoid greenhouse gas emissions across global forests, wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural lands. We find that the maximum potential of NCS-when constrained by food security, fiber security, and biodiversity conservation-is 23.8 petagrams of CO2 equivalent (PgCO2e) y-1 (95% CI 20.3-37.4). This is ≥30% higher than prior estimates, which did not include the full range of options and safeguards considered here. About half of this maximum (11.3 PgCO2e y-1) represents cost-effective climate mitigation, assuming the social cost of CO2 pollution is ≥100 USD MgCO2e-1 by 2030. Natural climate solutions can provide 37% of cost-effective CO2 mitigation needed through 2030 for a >66% chance of holding warming to below 2 °C. One-third of this cost-effective NCS mitigation can be delivered at or below 10 USD MgCO2-1 Most NCS actions-if effectively implemented-also offer water filtration, flood buffering, soil health, biodiversity habitat, and enhanced climate resilience. Work remains to better constrain uncertainty of NCS mitigation estimates. Nevertheless, existing knowledge reported here provides a robust basis for immediate global action to improve ecosystem stewardship as a major solution to climate change.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/44/11645.full.pdf

Natural climate solutions

https://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/publication/pdfs/2231-payn_et_al_2015.pdf

Changes in planted forests and future global implications

Afforestation, the conversion of non-forested lands to forest plantations, can sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the rapid growth and harvesting of biomass may deplete nutrients and degrade soils if managed improperly. The goal of this study is to evaluate how afforestation affects mineral soil quality, including pH, sodium, exchangeable cations, organic carbon, and nitrogen, and to examine the magnitude of these changes regionally where afforestation rates are high. We also examine potential mechanisms to reduce the impacts of afforestation on soils and to maintain long-term productivity. Across diverse plantation types (153 sites) to a depth of 30 cm of mineral soil, we observed significant decreases in nutrient cations (Ca, K, Mg), increases in sodium (Na), or both with afforestation. Across the data set, afforestation reduced soil concentrations of the macronutrient Ca by 29% on average (P , 0.05). Afforestation by Pinus alone decreased soil K by 23% (P , 0.05). Overall, plantations of all genera also led to a mean 71% increase of soil Na (P , 0.05). Mean pH decreased 0.3 units (P , 0.05) with afforestation. Afforestation caused a 6.7% and 15% (P , 0.05) decrease in soil C and N content respectively, though the effect was driven principally by Pinus plantations (15% and 20% decrease, P , 0.05). Carbon to nitrogen ratios in soils under plantations were 5.7-11.6% higher (P , 0.05). In several regions with high rates of afforestation, cumulative losses of N, Ca, and Mg are likely in the range of tens of millions of metric tons. The decreases indicate that trees take up considerable amounts of nutrients from soils; harvesting this biomass repeatedly could impair long-term soil fertility and productivity in some locations. Based on this study and a review of other literature, we suggest that proper site preparation and sustainable harvest practices, such as avoiding the removal or burning of harvest residue, could minimize the impact of afforestation on soils. These sustainable practices would in turn slow soil compaction, erosion, and organic matter loss, maintaining soil fertility to the greatest extent possible.

/pdf/a-global-meta-analysis-of-soil-exchangeable-cations-ph-4jtmtopit9.pdf

A global meta-analysis of soil exchangeable cations, pH, carbon, and nitrogen with afforestation.

O objetivo deste texto e auxiliar os alunos da pos-graduacao a escolherem o tema, realizarem suas pesquisas e redigirem suas dissertacoes de mestrado.

https://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/seer/index.php/oculum/article/download/356/336

Metodologia de pesquisa

http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fs/kpuettmann/FE%202%202015.pdf

Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management - what limits global adoption?

The process of decentralization of Brazilian forest management from Public Forests Management Law - Law 11.284/06.

Analysis on economic constraints to multiple-use forest management in the Amazon region.

O conteudo e apresentado em seis capitulos: 1 - Introducao; 2 - Objetivos; 3 - Metodologia; 4 - Resultados e discussao; 5 - Conclusoes e recomendacoes; 6 - Referencias.

Análise diagnóstica e prospectiva da cadeia produtiva de energia de biomassa de origem florestal.

Characterization and perspectives of the wood furniture industry of Coronel Freitas, SC, Brazil.

The objective of this paper was to analyze the Locational Quotient (LQ) for the main products forest – by the Parana mesoregion between 2005 and 2015, such as seeds, seedlings, firewood, sawmill and laminator, cellulose, and paper, and other (pine knot, poplar, fence posts, splinters, and forest waste). The use of indicators and methods to identify the concentration of these resources and their constraints can support the design of policies more suitable for the management of available resources, as well as guide the need for investments. Also, we observed the scarcity of research using such a method (LQ) in the forest area. The period was selected according to the availability of information from the Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply (SEAB). The results indicated both positive and negative oscillations in the analyzed period. This dynamic is related to seasonal, bureaucratic, and market issues. The conclusions considered the wood production chain to interpret the results and not only the specificities of each product, given the lack of available information.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-local-pattern-for-the-parana-sector-of-jins80stmr.pdf

Vitor Afonso Hoeflich

Papers

The process of decentralization of Brazilian forest management from Public Forests Management Law - Law 11.284/06.

Analysis on economic constraints to multiple-use forest management in the Amazon region.

Análise diagnóstica e prospectiva da cadeia produtiva de energia de biomassa de origem florestal.

Characterization and perspectives of the wood furniture industry of Coronel Freitas, SC, Brazil.

Analysis of the local pattern for the paraná sector of forest based products: 2005-2015