Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/anie.200400655

Controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis.

Since the discovery of highly conducting polyacetylene by Shirakawa, MacDiarmid, and Heeger in 1977, π-conjugated systems have attracted much attention as futuristic materials for the development and production of the next generation of electronics, that is, organic electronics. Conceptually, organic electronics are quite different from conventional inorganic solid state electronics because the structural versatility of organic semiconductors allows for the incorporation of functionality by molecular design. This versatility leads to a new era in the design of electronic devices. To date, the great number of π-conjugated semiconducting materials that have either been discovered or synthesized generate an exciting library of π-conjugated systems for use in organic electronics. 11 However, some key challenges for further advancement remain: the low mobility and stability of organic semiconductors, the lack of knowledge regarding structure property relationships for understanding the fundamental chemical aspects behind the structural design, and realization of desired properties. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are a kind of device consisting of an organic semiconducting layer, a gate insulator layer, and three terminals (drain, source, and gate electrodes). OFETs are not only essential building blocks for the next generation of cheap and flexible organic circuits, but they also provide an important insight into the charge transport of πconjugated systems. Therefore, they act as strong tools for the exploration of the structure property relationships of πconjugated systems, such as parameters of field-effect mobility (μ, the drift velocity of carriers under unit electric field), current on/off ratio (the ratio of the maximum on-state current to the minimum off-state current), and threshold voltage (the minimum gate voltage that is required to turn on the transistor). 17 Since the discovery of OFETs in the 1980s, they have attracted much attention. Research onOFETs includes the discovery, design, and synthesis of π-conjugated systems for OFETs, device optimization, development of applications in radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, flexible displays, electronic papers, sensors, and so forth. It is beyond the scope of this review to cover all aspects of π-conjugated systems; hence, our focus will be on the performance analysis of π-conjugated systems in OFETs. This should make it possible to extract information regarding the fundamental merit of semiconducting π-conjugated materials and capture what is needed for newmaterials and what is the synthesis orientation of newπ-conjugated systems. In fact, for a new science with many practical applications, the field of organic electronics is progressing extremely rapidly. For example, using “organic field effect transistor” or “organic field effect transistors” as the query keywords to search the Web of Science citation database, it is possible to show the distribution of papers over recent years as shown in Figure 1A. It is very clear

Semiconducting π-conjugated systems in field-effect transistors: a material odyssey of organic electronics.

3.7. Palladium Nanoparticles as Catalysts 888 3.8. Other Transition-Metal Complexes 888 3.9. Transition-Metal-Free Reactions 889 4. Applications 889 4.1. Alkynylation of Arenes 889 4.2. Alkynylation of Heterocycles 891 4.3. Synthesis of Enynes and Enediynes 894 4.4. Synthesis of Ynones 896 4.5. Synthesis of Carbocyclic Systems 897 4.6. Synthesis of Heterocyclic Systems 898 4.7. Synthesis of Natural Products 903 4.8. Synthesis of Electronic and Electrooptical Molecules 906

https://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/referance/ericyang/Chem.%20Rev/Chem.%20Rev.%202007,%20107,%20874-922.pdf

The Sonogashira Reaction: A Booming Methodology in Synthetic Organic Chemistry†

[Xie, Xiaowei; Li, Yong; Shen, Wenjie] Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, State Key Lab Catalysis, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. [Liu, Zhi-Quan] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China. [Haruta, Masatake] Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Urban Environm Sci, Dept Appl Chem, Tokyo 1920397, Japan. [Haruta, Masatake] Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.;Shen, WJ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, State Key Lab Catalysis, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China;shen98@dicp.ac.cn

Low-temperature oxidation of CO catalysed by Co 3 O 4 nanorods

The cores of many types of polymers, ligands, natural products, and pharmaceuticals contain biaryl or substituted aromatic structures, and efficient methods of synthesizing these structures are crucial to the work of a broad spectrum of organic chemists. Recently, Pd-catalyzed carbon−carbon bond-forming processes, particularly the Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reaction (SMC), have risen in popularity for this purpose. The SMC has many advantages over other methods for constructing these moieties, including mild conditions, high tolerance toward functional groups, the commercial availability and stability of its reagents, and the ease of handling and separating byproducts from its reaction mixtures. Until 1998, most catalysts for the SMC employed triarylphosphine ligands. More recently, new bulky and electron-rich phosphine ligands, which can dramatically improve the efficiency and selectivity of such cross-coupling reactions, have been introduced. In the course of our studies on carbon−nitrogen bond-formi...

/pdf/palladium-catalyzed-suzuki-miyaura-cross-coupling-reactions-2wyi39eyea.pdf

Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-coupling Reactions Employing Dialkylbiaryl Phosphine Ligands

On the Catalytic Activity of Co3O4 in Low-Temperature CO Oxidation

Palladium(II) Complexes of 2-Dimethylamino-2‘- diphenylphosphino-1,1‘-binaphthyl (MAP) with Unique P,Cσ-Coordination and Their Catalytic Activity in Allylic Substitution, Hartwig−Buchwald Amination, and Suzuki Coupling

Synthesis of new chiral 2,2′-bipyridyl-type ligands, their coordination to molybdenum(0), copper(II), and palladium(II), and application in asymmetric allylic substitution, allylic oxidation, and cyclopropanation

PINDY: A novel, pinene-derived bipyridine ligand and its application in asymmetric, copper(I)-catalyzed allylic oxidation

The structure of gamma-alumina (Al21+1/3square2+2/3O32) crystals obtained as a product of a corrosion reaction between beta-sialon and steel was refined in the space group Fd3m. The oxygen sublattice is fully occupied. The refined occupancy parameters are 0.83 (3), 0.818 (13), 0.066 (14) and 0.044 (18) for Al ions in 8a, 16d, 16c and 48f positions, respectively. The Al ions are distributed over octahedral and tetrahedral sites in a 63:37 ratio, with 6% of all Al ions occupying non-spinel positions.

Vratislav Langer

Papers

On the Catalytic Activity of Co3O4 in Low-Temperature CO Oxidation

Palladium(II) Complexes of 2-Dimethylamino-2‘- diphenylphosphino-1,1‘-binaphthyl (MAP) with Unique P,Cσ-Coordination and Their Catalytic Activity in Allylic Substitution, Hartwig−Buchwald Amination, and Suzuki Coupling

Synthesis of new chiral 2,2′-bipyridyl-type ligands, their coordination to molybdenum(0), copper(II), and palladium(II), and application in asymmetric allylic substitution, allylic oxidation, and cyclopropanation

PINDY: A novel, pinene-derived bipyridine ligand and its application in asymmetric, copper(I)-catalyzed allylic oxidation

γ-Alumina: a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study