W. John Livesley

TL;DR: The psychopathology, comorbidity, and personality structure of BPD is examined to provide a foundation to researchers on the current status of the borderline diagnosis and prospects for its future development.

TL;DR: The results support the following conclusions: first, the stable structure of traits across clinical and nonclinical samples is consistent with dimensional representations of personality disorders, and second, the higher-order traits of personality disorder strongly resemble dimensions of normal personality.

TL;DR: Consistent with symptoms in combat veterans, PTSD symptoms after noncombat trauma are also moderately heritable, and many of the same genes that influence exposure to assaultive trauma appear to influence susceptibility to PTSD symptoms in their wake.

TL;DR: Biological, genetic, and prognostic studies all continue to suggest the need to supplement categorical diagnoses of BPD with assessments of key underlying personality trait dimensions and with historical and clinical observations apart from those needed to make the borderline diagnosis itself.

TL;DR: The results suggest that the FFM has a solid biological basis and may represent a common heritage of the human species.