The authors review the present status of self-consistent mean-field (SCMF) models for describing nuclear structure and low-energy dynamics. These models are presented as effective energy-density functionals. The three most widely used variants of SCMF's based on a Skyrme energy functional, a Gogny force, and a relativistic mean-field Lagrangian are considered side by side. The crucial role of the treatment of pairing correlations is pointed out in each case. The authors discuss other related nuclear structure models and present several extensions beyond the mean-field model which are currently used. Phenomenological adjustment of the model parameters is discussed in detail. The performance quality of the SCMF model is demonstrated for a broad range of typical applications.

Self-consistent mean-field models for nuclear structure

Table of experimental nuclear ground state charge radii: An update

The first part of this two-part review focused on the fundamental and diagnostics aspects of laser-induced plasmas, only touching briefly upon concepts such as sensitivity and detection limits and largely omitting any discussion of the vast panorama of the practical applications of the technique. Clearly a true LIBS community has emerged, which promises to quicken the pace of LIBS developments, applications, and implementations. With this second part, a more applied flavor is taken, and its intended goal is summarizing the current state-of-the-art of analytical LIBS, providing a contemporary snapshot of LIBS applications, and highlighting new directions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, such as novel approaches, instrumental developments, and advanced use of chemometric tools. More specifically, we discuss instrumental and analytical approaches (e.g., double- and multi-pulse LIBS to improve the sensitivity), calibration-free approaches, hyphenated approaches in which techniques such as Raman and fluorescence are coupled with LIBS to increase sensitivity and information power, resonantly enhanced LIBS approaches, signal processing and optimization (e.g., signal-to-noise analysis), and finally applications. An attempt is made to provide an updated view of the role played by LIBS in the various fields, with emphasis on applications considered to be unique. We finally try to assess where LIBS is going as an analytical field, where in our opinion it should go, and what should still be done for consolidating the technique as a mature method of chemical analysis.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1366/11-06574

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.

This work consists of two volumes, and extends over eighteen hundred closely printed pages. In the preface we are informed that the greater part was in manuscript when the pen dropped from the author's hand. The section on Diseases of the Heart was not completed, and that on Diseases of the Skin was not commenced. Dr Wilks has completed the former; while the editor, Dr Pye-Smith, has supplied the latter. The range of the work is the same as that of other treatises on the Principles and Practice of Medicine, while owing to its size greater freedom has necessarily been obtained for a more elaborate treatment of the varied subjects with which such a work deals, than could be possible in one of more restricted dimensions. But this is one of the few large works which one would gladly have had even fuller; its whole contents are of such a quality that curtailment in any section would have been a loss. It is quite impossible in the space at our disposal to critically review the special teaching of the various chapters, and yet without this there is difficulty in conveying anything like an accurate impression of what the book is. Even to class it as the best work

The Principles and Practice of Medicine

Energy levels of light nuclei A=8,9,10

Die Anwendung des Lasers als Schneidinstrument in der Medizin beschrankt sich seit nunmehr fast drei Jahrzehnten ausschlieslich auf Weichgewebe. Chirurgische Fachgebiete, wie z.B. die Unfallchirurgie, bei denen vorwiegend Trennverfahren (Sagen, Bohren. Meiseln) am biologischen Hartgewebe (Knorpel, Knochen) vorgenommen werden mussen, waren bislang von der Anwendung des Lasers ausgenommen. Das Schneiden von Hartgewebe erfordert hohe Applikationsenergien, die sich bei Anwendung herkommlicher, meist kontinuierlicher Laser aus dem nahen und fernen infraroten Spektralbereich (Nd:YAG-, CO2-Laser) bislang in heilungshemmende thermische Wirkungen umsetzten, gekennzeichnet durch breite Nekrose- und Karbonisationszonen insbesondere im Knochengewebe [1], Die ersten Versuche, gepulste Laser aus dem UV-Bereich (Excimerlaser) einzusetzen zeigten zwar nur geringe thermische Nebenwirkungen, doch scheiterten sie vor allem an der geringen Transmissionsfahigkeit von Lichtleitfasern [2] und damit der geringen Abtragsraten.

/pdf/abtragung-von-knorpel-und-knochengewebe-mittels-343198zlyq.pdf

Abtragung von Knorpel- und Knochengewebe mittels fasergeführtem Excimerlaserstrahl

A widespread application of different types of lasers with, emission wavelengths from the ultraviolet (excimer lasers, λ: 193–351 nm) to the infrared (solid state lasers λ: 1064–2930 nm) spectral region, pulsed lasers with pulse widths ranging from femtoseconds to milliseconds as well as continuous wave (cw) lasers for the ablation of biological tissue has been reported up to now [1–3]. Especially XeCl excimer lasers have proven the possibility of precisely etching and removing biological tissue. The most urgent problem to be solved proceeding towards a minimal-invasive laser surgery is a reliable on-line control of the laser action in order to differentiate between different types of tissue.

Resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy: A Diagnostic Tool for the Ablation of Biological Tissue

A Michelson Objective based Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography system is combined with fluorescence imaging and deconvolved with the point spread function to enhance the image resolution of biological tissue, exceeding classical resolution limits.

A Deconvolution Enhanced Multimode Michelson Objective Based Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging System

Spectroscopic results with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in liquids have shown a signal improvement
using double pulse experiments compared to single pulse measurements. A setup of two Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers in
an orthogonal arrangement have led to bright illuminated plasma inside cavitation bubbles. A Nd:YAG laser pulse
focussed by a lens (6 ns@532 nm, 2.9*10 19 W/m 2 ) into the center of a water filled cuvette gives rise to a cavitation
bubble. A second tightly focused Nd:YAG laser pulse (5 ns@1064 nm, 3.1*10 19 W/m 2 ) induces a plasma at
approximately 70 μs delay within the cavitation bubble. These absolutely reliable processes allow to capture image
sequences of plasma filled cavitation bubbles with an ultrafast camera. The optical emission is guided via a quartz fibre
to a Czerny-Turner spectrograph and recorded by an intensified CCD camera. A delay time of more than 1.7 μs between
plasma ignition and spectroscopic data taking is necessary to avoid inverse bremsstrahlung and residual lines arising
from bright plasma emission. Characteristic spectral line intensities of manganese (Mn) and Palladium (Pd) are recorded
and correlated with an internal calibration standard using strontium (Sr) and chromium (Cr) respectively. The LOD of
manganese is 0.3 mg/L.

Spectroscopy on laser induced plasma in cavitation bubbles

The chain of Sr isotopes ranges from the neutron-shell closure at N = 50 into both the N = 38 and N = 60 deformation regions which represent the main topic of this workshop. For a detailed understanding of the nature of these nuclei, laser spectroscopy can provide the ground state spins and moments, as well as the the changes in the mean square charge radii as a function of the neutron number N. Recent experiments at Karlsruhe [1] and at Daresbury [2] essentially cover the neutron-deficient and stable Sr isotopes between N = 40 and N = 50. In order to complement these results, and to extend the measurements into the region of neutron-rich isotopes, we have performed an experiment at the ISOLDE isotope separator facility at CERN.

Walter Neu

Papers

Abtragung von Knorpel- und Knochengewebe mittels fasergeführtem Excimerlaserstrahl

Resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy: A Diagnostic Tool for the Ablation of Biological Tissue

A Deconvolution Enhanced Multimode Michelson Objective Based Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging System

Spectroscopy on laser induced plasma in cavitation bubbles

Moments and Radii of 78–100Sr