The authors review the present status of self-consistent mean-field (SCMF) models for describing nuclear structure and low-energy dynamics. These models are presented as effective energy-density functionals. The three most widely used variants of SCMF's based on a Skyrme energy functional, a Gogny force, and a relativistic mean-field Lagrangian are considered side by side. The crucial role of the treatment of pairing correlations is pointed out in each case. The authors discuss other related nuclear structure models and present several extensions beyond the mean-field model which are currently used. Phenomenological adjustment of the model parameters is discussed in detail. The performance quality of the SCMF model is demonstrated for a broad range of typical applications.

Self-consistent mean-field models for nuclear structure

Table of experimental nuclear ground state charge radii: An update

The first part of this two-part review focused on the fundamental and diagnostics aspects of laser-induced plasmas, only touching briefly upon concepts such as sensitivity and detection limits and largely omitting any discussion of the vast panorama of the practical applications of the technique. Clearly a true LIBS community has emerged, which promises to quicken the pace of LIBS developments, applications, and implementations. With this second part, a more applied flavor is taken, and its intended goal is summarizing the current state-of-the-art of analytical LIBS, providing a contemporary snapshot of LIBS applications, and highlighting new directions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, such as novel approaches, instrumental developments, and advanced use of chemometric tools. More specifically, we discuss instrumental and analytical approaches (e.g., double- and multi-pulse LIBS to improve the sensitivity), calibration-free approaches, hyphenated approaches in which techniques such as Raman and fluorescence are coupled with LIBS to increase sensitivity and information power, resonantly enhanced LIBS approaches, signal processing and optimization (e.g., signal-to-noise analysis), and finally applications. An attempt is made to provide an updated view of the role played by LIBS in the various fields, with emphasis on applications considered to be unique. We finally try to assess where LIBS is going as an analytical field, where in our opinion it should go, and what should still be done for consolidating the technique as a mature method of chemical analysis.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1366/11-06574

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.

This work consists of two volumes, and extends over eighteen hundred closely printed pages. In the preface we are informed that the greater part was in manuscript when the pen dropped from the author's hand. The section on Diseases of the Heart was not completed, and that on Diseases of the Skin was not commenced. Dr Wilks has completed the former; while the editor, Dr Pye-Smith, has supplied the latter. The range of the work is the same as that of other treatises on the Principles and Practice of Medicine, while owing to its size greater freedom has necessarily been obtained for a more elaborate treatment of the varied subjects with which such a work deals, than could be possible in one of more restricted dimensions. But this is one of the few large works which one would gladly have had even fuller; its whole contents are of such a quality that curtailment in any section would have been a loss. It is quite impossible in the space at our disposal to critically review the special teaching of the various chapters, and yet without this there is difficulty in conveying anything like an accurate impression of what the book is. Even to class it as the best work

The Principles and Practice of Medicine

Energy levels of light nuclei A=8,9,10

Power transmission of excimer laser radiation at 308 nm through waveguides is of growing importance in medical applications. The maximum energy densities achievable at distal fused silica optical fiber ends are limited by the surface damage threshold of fused silica and by photodegradation of the optical fiber material. Limitations due to the surface damage threshold at the front surface can be avoided by applying tapered fiber geometries. In order to minimize photodegradation effects color center formation caused by high energy UV radiation has to be reduced. This involves optimization of the fused silica material properties and the necessity of modifying the manufacturing processes. Measurements on all silica fibers at 308 nm wavelength (XeCl excimer laser) show different influences of core material manufacturing. Not only the overall decrease of transmission but also the dependence of transmission changes on the number of laser pulses and defect annealing are strongly affected. Consequences for improved performance of all silica optical fibers in angioplasty are demonstrated by measurements on specially produced samples.

Reduction of photodegradation in optical fibers for excimer laser applications

An enukleierten Augen fuhrten wir experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ablation des Trabekelwerks (AT) durch. Eine Quarzfaser wurde durch die Vorderkammer bis zum gegenuberliegenden Trabekelwerk gefuhrt und dieses mit einem Excimer Laser mit 248 und 308 nm bestrahlt. Es reichte eine Energie von 0,3-1,5 mJ, um eine offene Verbindung zwischen Vorderkammer und Schlemmschem Kanal herzustellen. Die histologische Untersuchung der Bulbi bestatigte die klinische Beobachtung einer offenen Verbindung zwischen Vorderkammer und Schlemmschem Kanal. Dabei wurde keine nennenswerte Hitzewirkung an den abladierten Geweben festgestellt. Auf die genannte Weise konnten wir auch Cyclodialysen und basale Iridektomien durchfuhren. Die Durchfuhrung der Operation ist einfach und sehr treffsicher. 
In an experimental investigation we examined the possibility to create an open pathway between the anterior chamber and Schlemm 's canal by excimer laser ablation of the trabecular meshwork (AT) in enucleated eyes. A quartzfiber was directed through the anterior chamber to the opposite chamber angle. With an energy of 0.3-1.5 mJ and wavelenghts of 248 and 308 nm pores were easily made into the trabecular meshwork leading to a direct connection between the anterior chamber and Schlemm's canal. This result was confirmed by histologic examination of the globes. The trabecular meshwork has disappeared completely. The surrounding tissue reveals only minimal thermal effects due to the laser burns. With the same method cyclodialysis and basal iridectomy may be performed. The operation is simple and effects can be placed with great accuracy.

Die Ablation des Trabekelwerks

Flexible, optical components made from transparent quartz and having a core (5) and a cladding (6) surrounding the latter are used for the transmission of ultraviolet light at high power densities, which components have in front of a flexible, cylindrical region (2) a tapering region (3) whose cross-sectional surface continuously decreases when seen in the irradiation direction. In order to obtain such a component, which with regard to material damage caused by the ultraviolet radiation to be transmitted has increased destruction thresholds, and whose geometrical configuration is optimised with regard to the excitation conditions for the light to be transmitted and with regard to obtaining the mechanical and optical properties during use as stipulated, in the core glass a content of hydroxyl ions in the range from 50 ppm to 1200 ppm is specified, and a content of hydrogen or deuterium concentrations in the overall range from 5x10 to 5x10 molecules/cm , and an optimised geometry of the tapering region is specified as a function of the core diameter of the cylindrical region.

Flexible optical device for the transmission of light and use of the device

Nuclear spins, moments and mean square charge radii of78–100Sr have been obtained by fast ion-beam collinear laserspectroscopy. The experiments performed at ISOLDE have been extended to include99Sr, measured by a non-optical detection scheme with a two-step optical pumping sequence. The results for the strongly deformed isotopes are discussed in the frame of the particle-plus-deformed core model.

Nuclear moments of strongly deformed strontium isotopes

Power transmission of xenon chloride excimer lasers through optical fibers is necessary for medical applications where tissue removal is performed within the human body. The most important application at present is excimer laser coronary angioplasty. Typical levels of energy densities applied by optical fibers for this application cause color center generation in fused silica leading to transmission decrease called photodegradation. This effect depends essentially on the grade of the fused silica. Important parameters are fiber length, pulse duration, energy density, and the irradiated cross sectional area of the optical fiber endface. For a new grade of core material the influence of these parameters on the transmission performance is described. The obtained material improvement leads to a significant reduction of the observable transmission decrease as a function of the number of laser pulses applied. Thus continuous operation of the laser in the region of the typical transmission plateaus at considerably higher and constant energy levels at the distal fiber end becomes feasible. This offers a new option for more reliable dosimetry in medical applications.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Walter Neu

Papers

Reduction of photodegradation in optical fibers for excimer laser applications

Die Ablation des Trabekelwerks

Flexible optical device for the transmission of light and use of the device

Nuclear moments of strongly deformed strontium isotopes

Optical fibers with enhanced performance for excimer laser power transmission at 308 nm