The authors review the present status of self-consistent mean-field (SCMF) models for describing nuclear structure and low-energy dynamics. These models are presented as effective energy-density functionals. The three most widely used variants of SCMF's based on a Skyrme energy functional, a Gogny force, and a relativistic mean-field Lagrangian are considered side by side. The crucial role of the treatment of pairing correlations is pointed out in each case. The authors discuss other related nuclear structure models and present several extensions beyond the mean-field model which are currently used. Phenomenological adjustment of the model parameters is discussed in detail. The performance quality of the SCMF model is demonstrated for a broad range of typical applications.

Self-consistent mean-field models for nuclear structure

Table of experimental nuclear ground state charge radii: An update

The first part of this two-part review focused on the fundamental and diagnostics aspects of laser-induced plasmas, only touching briefly upon concepts such as sensitivity and detection limits and largely omitting any discussion of the vast panorama of the practical applications of the technique. Clearly a true LIBS community has emerged, which promises to quicken the pace of LIBS developments, applications, and implementations. With this second part, a more applied flavor is taken, and its intended goal is summarizing the current state-of-the-art of analytical LIBS, providing a contemporary snapshot of LIBS applications, and highlighting new directions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, such as novel approaches, instrumental developments, and advanced use of chemometric tools. More specifically, we discuss instrumental and analytical approaches (e.g., double- and multi-pulse LIBS to improve the sensitivity), calibration-free approaches, hyphenated approaches in which techniques such as Raman and fluorescence are coupled with LIBS to increase sensitivity and information power, resonantly enhanced LIBS approaches, signal processing and optimization (e.g., signal-to-noise analysis), and finally applications. An attempt is made to provide an updated view of the role played by LIBS in the various fields, with emphasis on applications considered to be unique. We finally try to assess where LIBS is going as an analytical field, where in our opinion it should go, and what should still be done for consolidating the technique as a mature method of chemical analysis.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1366/11-06574

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.

This work consists of two volumes, and extends over eighteen hundred closely printed pages. In the preface we are informed that the greater part was in manuscript when the pen dropped from the author's hand. The section on Diseases of the Heart was not completed, and that on Diseases of the Skin was not commenced. Dr Wilks has completed the former; while the editor, Dr Pye-Smith, has supplied the latter. The range of the work is the same as that of other treatises on the Principles and Practice of Medicine, while owing to its size greater freedom has necessarily been obtained for a more elaborate treatment of the varied subjects with which such a work deals, than could be possible in one of more restricted dimensions. But this is one of the few large works which one would gladly have had even fuller; its whole contents are of such a quality that curtailment in any section would have been a loss. It is quite impossible in the space at our disposal to critically review the special teaching of the various chapters, and yet without this there is difficulty in conveying anything like an accurate impression of what the book is. Even to class it as the best work

The Principles and Practice of Medicine

Energy levels of light nuclei A=8,9,10

Laser-induced spherical shocks generated in water close to a liquid–air boundary break through this boundary layer and spread out in air as an elliptical or a cylindrical shock wave. After breakthrough, the shock wave is accelerated and its velocity in air is different perpendicular and tangential to the water surface. Immediately after surface breakthrough both shock velocities are higher than the shock velocity in liquid. If the position of the breakdown is about 0.1 mm below the water surface a laser-induced relatively weak spherical shock spreads out into the water space and also breaks through the water–air boundary. The surface breakthrough of the initial spherical shock wave drives a non-spherical strong shock wave in the air space above of the water surface. After some microseconds both velocity components of the shock in air as well as the initial weak shock in liquid propagate with sound velocities, respectively. As a consequence, the dynamical process is very different above and below the liquid surface if the initial optical breakdown occurs still in liquid but very near to the water–air boundary. The initial spherical shock in liquid will not only be transmitted into air but also reflected from the surface layer. Those rarefaction waves decrease the pressure in the liquid and interfere with the initial spherical shock. A cavitation bubble arises in liquid subsequently to the spherical shock wave. In this investigation the propagation of shock waves below and above the boundary liquid–air after surface breakthrough are in focus. The test liquid is distilled water. The phenomena have been studied by observing the boundary layer simultaneously from below and above the water surface with two synchronized CCD cameras.

Experimental Investigation of Shock-Bubble Properties at the Liquid–Air Phase Boundary

Fluorescence radiation is induced following ablation of tissue by a 308nm wavelength excimer laser pulses. This fluorescence is determined by the composition of the ablated tissue, mainly minerals and proteins. The fluorescence is guided retrograde through the ablation fiber to an optical multichannel analyser (OMA), spectroscopically analysed on-line using a PC, and stored.

Characteristic Tissue Fluorescence Induced by XeCl Excimer Laser Ablation

Wild-type Chinese hamster cells CHO K1 and their radiosensitive mutant xrs5 were irradiated at 308 nm, using light pulses of a XeCl excimer laser with total energy fluences of 0.1 kJ/m 2 to 4.08 kJ/m 2 . Chromosome-type and chromatid-type chromosome aberrations have been observed at pulse irradiances of 2.5×10 7 W/m 2 and 1.7×10 8 W/m 2 , indicating that in mammalian cells DNA double-strand breaks occur already in this irradiance range. The results obtained with laser irradiation are compared with X-ray irradiation

Laser-light induced chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster cells.

The quadrupole interaction of nuclear spin polarized8Li (I=2) and9Li (I=3/2) in LiNbO3 has been studied at room temperature. The polarization was achieved by optical pumping of a fast atomic beam with circularly polarized laser light. The atoms were implanted into a hexagonal LiNbO3 single crystal and the quadrupole splitting ofβ-NMR spectra was measured. A ratio of ¦Q(9Li)/Q(8Li)¦=0.88(4) for the nuclear quadrupole moments was deduced, yielding a new value of ¦Q(9Li)¦=25.3 (9) mb for the quadrupole moment of9Li.

Quadrupole interaction of8Li and9Li in LiNbO3 and the quadrupole moment of9Li

Time resolved 3D-microscopy using DMD-arrays utilizes the principles of confocal microscopy. Application fitted
patterns optimize optical imaging of reflective, transparent, and fluorescent objects. High spatial resolution is achieved
simultaneously with high temporal resolution due to fast DMD control. This enables to visualize and track processes in
vivo within living biocells.

Walter Neu

Papers

Experimental Investigation of Shock-Bubble Properties at the Liquid–Air Phase Boundary

Characteristic Tissue Fluorescence Induced by XeCl Excimer Laser Ablation

Laser-light induced chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster cells.

Quadrupole interaction of8Li and9Li in LiNbO3 and the quadrupole moment of9Li

Time-resolved 3D confocal fluorescence microscopy on living cells