2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

The rapid technological developments of the past decade and the changes in echocardiographic practice brought about by these developments have resulted in the need for updated recommendations to the previously published guidelines for cardiac chamber quantification, which was the goal of the joint writing group assembled by the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. This document provides updated normal values for all four cardiac chambers, including three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial deformation, when possible, on the basis of considerably larger numbers of normal subjects, compiled from multiple databases. In addition, this document attempts to eliminate several minor discrepancies that existed between previously published guidelines.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5953422/file/5953443.pdf

Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.

XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

P585: Probing the impact of prefrontal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on fatigue in multiple sclerosis

In this issue of JACC: Heart Failure, Fernandes-Silva et al. [(1)][1] report divergent left ventricular (LV) remodeling between black and white cohorts of the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Community) study. Risk factors were prominent in both cohorts because of an elevated body mass index (BMI;

Racial Tension in Hypertension: Divergent Effects of African and European Ancestry on Cardiac Remodeling∗

Repeated tDCS for prolonging the after-effects of stimulation

P36-5 Modulating functional connectivity patterns and topological functional organisation of the human brain with transcranial direct current stimulation

Through neuromodulation of neural activity, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) interacts with neural oscillations in a frequency- and phase-specific manner, thereby influencing human brain function. Currents are applied at the scalp with intensities up to 4 mA peak to peak (except for electroconvulsive therapy with much higher intensities), for minutes and rarely hours/day. Possible physical variations of the stimulation spectrum are indefinite, transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) representing a simple example. Animal experiments have demonstrated in what way neurons react to invasively and transcranially applied alternating currents. Such findings, supported by modelling studies, studies on human physiology and behaviour, invasive stimulation and recording from epilepsy patients helped to understand how we can entrain oscillations in the human brain. In future, the methods might increasingly be applicable in the therapy of disorders with malfunctioning brain oscillations.

Walter Paulus

Papers

P585: Probing the impact of prefrontal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on fatigue in multiple sclerosis

Racial Tension in Hypertension: Divergent Effects of African and European Ancestry on Cardiac Remodeling∗

Repeated tDCS for prolonging the after-effects of stimulation

P36-5 Modulating functional connectivity patterns and topological functional organisation of the human brain with transcranial direct current stimulation

Basic Mechanisms of Transcranial Alternating Current and Random Noise Stimulation