1. Health care is a human right. 2. The care of the individual is at the center of health care, but the whole system needs to work to improve the health of populations. 3. The health care system must treat illness, alleviate suffering and disability, and promote health. 4. Cooperation with each other, those served, and those in other sectors is essential for all who work in health care. 5. All who provide health care must work to improve it. 6. Do no harm.

https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(00)00768-7/pdf

Is this a practical approach

As modern vehicle and communication technologies advanced apace, people begin to believe that the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) would be achievable in one decade. ITS introduces information technology to the transportation infrastructures and aims to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. However, security is still a main concern in vehicular communication systems (VCSs). This can be addressed through secured group broadcast. Therefore, secure key management schemes are considered as a critical technique for network security. In this paper, we propose a framework for providing secure key management within the heterogeneous network. The security managers (SMs) play a key role in the framework by capturing the vehicle departure information, encapsulating block to transport keys and then executing rekeying to vehicles within the same security domain. The first part of this framework is a novel network topology based on a decentralized blockchain structure. The blockchain concept is proposed to simplify the distributed key management in heterogeneous VCS domains. The second part of the framework uses the dynamic transaction collection period to further reduce the key transfer time during vehicles handover. Extensive simulations and analysis show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework, in which the blockchain structure performs better in term of key transfer time than the structure with a central manager, while the dynamic scheme allows SMs to flexibly fit various traffic levels.

/pdf/blockchain-based-dynamic-key-management-for-heterogeneous-3xw2ivzlyl.pdf

Blockchain-Based Dynamic Key Management for Heterogeneous Intelligent Transportation Systems

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming the most promising research topic in intelligent transportation systems, because they provide information to deliver comfort and safety to both drivers and passengers. However, unique characteristics of VANETs make security, privacy, and trust management challenging issues in VANETs’ design. This survey article starts with the necessary background of VANETs, followed by a brief treatment of main security services, which have been well studied in other fields. We then focus on an in-depth review of anonymous authentication schemes implemented by five pseudonymity mechanisms. Because of the predictable dynamics of vehicles, anonymity is necessary but not sufficient to thwart tracking an attack that aims at the drivers’ location profiles. Thus, several location privacy protection mechanisms based on pseudonymity are elaborated to further protect the vehicles’ privacy and guarantee the quality of location-based services simultaneously. We also give a comprehensive analysis on various trust management models in VANETs. Finally, considering that current and near-future applications in VANETs are evaluated by simulation, we give a much-needed update on the latest mobility and network simulators as well as the integrated simulation platforms. In sum, this paper is carefully positioned to avoid overlap with existing surveys by filling the gaps and reporting the latest advances in VANETs while keeping it self-explained.

A Survey on Recent Advances in Vehicular Network Security, Trust, and Privacy

The future Internet of Things (IoT) will have a deep economical, commercial and social impact on our lives. The participating nodes in IoT networks are usually resource-constrained, which makes them luring targets for cyber attacks. In this regard, extensive efforts have been made to address the security and privacy issues in IoT networks primarily through traditional cryptographic approaches. However, the unique characteristics of IoT nodes render the existing solutions insufficient to encompass the entire security spectrum of the IoT networks. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques, which are able to provide embedded intelligence in the IoT devices and networks, can be leveraged to cope with different security problems. In this paper, we systematically review the security requirements, attack vectors, and the current security solutions for the IoT networks. We then shed light on the gaps in these security solutions that call for ML and DL approaches. Finally, we discuss in detail the existing ML and DL solutions for addressing different security problems in IoT networks. We also discuss several future research directions for ML- and DL-based IoT security.

Machine Learning in IoT Security: Current Solutions and Future Challenges

Security has become the primary concern in many telecommunications industries today as risks can have high consequences. Especially, as the core and enable technologies will be associated with 5G network, the confidential information will move at all layers in future wireless systems. Several incidents revealed that the hazard encountered by an infected wireless network, not only affects the security and privacy concerns, but also impedes the complex dynamics of the communications ecosystem. Consequently, the complexity and strength of security attacks have increased in the recent past making the detection or prevention of sabotage a global challenge. From the security and privacy perspectives, this paper presents a comprehensive detail on the core and enabling technologies, which are used to build the 5G security model; network softwarization security, PHY (Physical) layer security and 5G privacy concerns, among others. Additionally, the paper includes discussion on security monitoring and management of 5G networks. This paper also evaluates the related security measures and standards of core 5G technologies by resorting to different standardization bodies and provide a brief overview of 5G standardization security forces. Furthermore, the key projects of international significance, in line with the security concerns of 5G and beyond are also presented. Finally, a future directions and open challenges section has included to encourage future research.

/pdf/a-survey-on-security-and-privacy-of-5g-technologies-1hq5wqw2pb.pdf

A Survey on Security and Privacy of 5G Technologies: Potential Solutions, Recent Advancements, and Future Directions

This paper presents our ongoing work in developing an agent architecture to support personal mobility in IP networks. In particular, the paper discusses a tracking mechanism that facilitates location management using agents where both host and user mobility is accorded by the network. Towards this end, a multi-layered agent architecture is proposed and this acts as an overlay providing intelligence in an IP-based network. The agent messaging and collaboration provide the necessary signaling and control mechanism for tracking user movement across multiple domains. This represents a departure from traditional methods of providing mobility services where intelligence is normally restricted to end systems. Ultimately, the role of the collaborative agent architecture is to provide an IP-based network with the ability to exhibit dasiaintelligentpsila behaviour i.e. awareness, dynamism and adaptation, in terms of user movement and preferences.

A tracking mechanism using agents for personal mobility in IP networks

The wide use of the internet-based applications bring many challenges to the researchers to guarantee the continuity of the connections needed by the mobile hosts and provide reliable Internet access for them. One of proposed solutions by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is to connect the local, multi-hop, and infrastructure-less Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) with Internet structure. This connection is done through multi-interface devices known as Internet Gateways. Many issues are related to this connection like gateway discovery, hand off, address auto-configuration and selecting the optimum gateway when multiple gateways exist. Many studies were done proposing gateway selection schemes with a single selection criterion or weighted multiple criteria. In this research, a review of some of these schemes is done showing the differences, the features, the challenges and the drawbacks of each of them.

Parameters Used in Gateway Selection Schemes for Internet Connected MANETs: A Review

This paper discusses current threats in wireless networks. Advancement and countermeasures for each threat such as sniffing, Man In the Middle Attack (MITM), Rogue Access Points (RAP), Denial Of Services (DoS) and social engineering are discussed in this paper. Some practical suggestions for service providers and users to mitigate the risks to the threats are also presented.

Current threats of wireless networks

Understanding on the concept of sustainability is the main issue that should be addressed at the earlier stage of education where future engineers are being educated. The aim of this study reports on a comparative study on investigating the impact of pedagogical approaches in inculcating sustainable development amongst the first-year engineering students. Traditional learning and Cooperative Problem-Based Learning (CPBL) were implemented as a pedagogical approach in two different courses of first year engineering students. A mixed method research methodology was utilized to achieve the objective of this study. Results were compared and interpreted to determine the findings.

Inculcating awareness of sustainable development in first year engineering students - a comparative study of pedagogical approaches

Cognitive Radio (CR) technology has been introduced to solve the problems of spectrum underutilization and spectrum scarcity caused by improper spectrum management policies. In Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHNs), which operate without centralized infrastructure support, data routing encounters various challenges including frequent topology changes, heterogeneous spectrum availability, and intermittent connectivity caused by the activities of Primary Users (PUs). In this paper, a robust on-demand routing protocol for CRAHNs, referred to the Robustness Aware Cognitive Ad-hoc Routing Protocol (RACARP), is proposed with an aim to provide robust paths for data delivery. The Expected Path Delay (EPD) routing metric used for path decision is introduced and applied in the protocol. The metric takes account of the link delay and the effect of packet loss on wireless links. Furthermore, the protocol avoids creating a transmission path that uses PU’s channel in PU regions in order to counteract the impact of PU activities which can simply cause communication interruptions. The protocol also jointly exploits path and spectrum diversity in routing process in order to provide multi-path and multi-channel routes for the purpose of fast route recovery. The performance evaluation is conducted through simulation using NS-2 simulator. The simulation results prove that the RACARP protocol achieves better performance in terms of average throughput and average end-to-end delay as compared to the Dual Diversity Cognitive Ad-hoc Routing Protocol (D2CARP).

Wan Haslina Hassan

Papers

A tracking mechanism using agents for personal mobility in IP networks

Parameters Used in Gateway Selection Schemes for Internet Connected MANETs: A Review

Current threats of wireless networks

Inculcating awareness of sustainable development in first year engineering students - a comparative study of pedagogical approaches

A Robust On-Demand Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks