1. Health care is a human right. 2. The care of the individual is at the center of health care, but the whole system needs to work to improve the health of populations. 3. The health care system must treat illness, alleviate suffering and disability, and promote health. 4. Cooperation with each other, those served, and those in other sectors is essential for all who work in health care. 5. All who provide health care must work to improve it. 6. Do no harm.

https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(00)00768-7/pdf

Is this a practical approach

As modern vehicle and communication technologies advanced apace, people begin to believe that the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) would be achievable in one decade. ITS introduces information technology to the transportation infrastructures and aims to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. However, security is still a main concern in vehicular communication systems (VCSs). This can be addressed through secured group broadcast. Therefore, secure key management schemes are considered as a critical technique for network security. In this paper, we propose a framework for providing secure key management within the heterogeneous network. The security managers (SMs) play a key role in the framework by capturing the vehicle departure information, encapsulating block to transport keys and then executing rekeying to vehicles within the same security domain. The first part of this framework is a novel network topology based on a decentralized blockchain structure. The blockchain concept is proposed to simplify the distributed key management in heterogeneous VCS domains. The second part of the framework uses the dynamic transaction collection period to further reduce the key transfer time during vehicles handover. Extensive simulations and analysis show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework, in which the blockchain structure performs better in term of key transfer time than the structure with a central manager, while the dynamic scheme allows SMs to flexibly fit various traffic levels.

/pdf/blockchain-based-dynamic-key-management-for-heterogeneous-3xw2ivzlyl.pdf

Blockchain-Based Dynamic Key Management for Heterogeneous Intelligent Transportation Systems

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming the most promising research topic in intelligent transportation systems, because they provide information to deliver comfort and safety to both drivers and passengers. However, unique characteristics of VANETs make security, privacy, and trust management challenging issues in VANETs’ design. This survey article starts with the necessary background of VANETs, followed by a brief treatment of main security services, which have been well studied in other fields. We then focus on an in-depth review of anonymous authentication schemes implemented by five pseudonymity mechanisms. Because of the predictable dynamics of vehicles, anonymity is necessary but not sufficient to thwart tracking an attack that aims at the drivers’ location profiles. Thus, several location privacy protection mechanisms based on pseudonymity are elaborated to further protect the vehicles’ privacy and guarantee the quality of location-based services simultaneously. We also give a comprehensive analysis on various trust management models in VANETs. Finally, considering that current and near-future applications in VANETs are evaluated by simulation, we give a much-needed update on the latest mobility and network simulators as well as the integrated simulation platforms. In sum, this paper is carefully positioned to avoid overlap with existing surveys by filling the gaps and reporting the latest advances in VANETs while keeping it self-explained.

A Survey on Recent Advances in Vehicular Network Security, Trust, and Privacy

The future Internet of Things (IoT) will have a deep economical, commercial and social impact on our lives. The participating nodes in IoT networks are usually resource-constrained, which makes them luring targets for cyber attacks. In this regard, extensive efforts have been made to address the security and privacy issues in IoT networks primarily through traditional cryptographic approaches. However, the unique characteristics of IoT nodes render the existing solutions insufficient to encompass the entire security spectrum of the IoT networks. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques, which are able to provide embedded intelligence in the IoT devices and networks, can be leveraged to cope with different security problems. In this paper, we systematically review the security requirements, attack vectors, and the current security solutions for the IoT networks. We then shed light on the gaps in these security solutions that call for ML and DL approaches. Finally, we discuss in detail the existing ML and DL solutions for addressing different security problems in IoT networks. We also discuss several future research directions for ML- and DL-based IoT security.

Machine Learning in IoT Security: Current Solutions and Future Challenges

Security has become the primary concern in many telecommunications industries today as risks can have high consequences. Especially, as the core and enable technologies will be associated with 5G network, the confidential information will move at all layers in future wireless systems. Several incidents revealed that the hazard encountered by an infected wireless network, not only affects the security and privacy concerns, but also impedes the complex dynamics of the communications ecosystem. Consequently, the complexity and strength of security attacks have increased in the recent past making the detection or prevention of sabotage a global challenge. From the security and privacy perspectives, this paper presents a comprehensive detail on the core and enabling technologies, which are used to build the 5G security model; network softwarization security, PHY (Physical) layer security and 5G privacy concerns, among others. Additionally, the paper includes discussion on security monitoring and management of 5G networks. This paper also evaluates the related security measures and standards of core 5G technologies by resorting to different standardization bodies and provide a brief overview of 5G standardization security forces. Furthermore, the key projects of international significance, in line with the security concerns of 5G and beyond are also presented. Finally, a future directions and open challenges section has included to encourage future research.

/pdf/a-survey-on-security-and-privacy-of-5g-technologies-1hq5wqw2pb.pdf

A Survey on Security and Privacy of 5G Technologies: Potential Solutions, Recent Advancements, and Future Directions

Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) is considered as the most widespread network mobility protocol at the present time which is a logical extension of the MIPv6 operation. Hence, Location Update (LU) procedure of NEMO BSP is almost similar to MIPv6 registration apart from setting of the MR flag and sending of prefix in the Binding Update (BU). However, in NEMO network, providing an uninterrupted Internet connectivity during handoff (seamless handoff) is still an open issue for the current researchers in terms of handoff delay, packet loss, service disruption time and signaling overhead respectively. To concentrate on these issues, in this study, an Intra Domain Mobility scheme in NEMO (IDM-NEMO) is proposed that aims to reduce signaling overhead by incorporating an improved version of Fast HMIPv6 scheme with NEMO network to attain continuous Internet connectivity at the time of movement from one subnet to another. Additionally, in order to analyze the location update cost, a mathematical model has been developed and compared with the standard NEMO BSP. The analytical result demonstrates that the proposed scheme reduced location update cost by 52% than that of NEMOBSP.

Analytical Evaluation of Intra Domain Mobility Approach in NEMO Environment

Network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol (RFC 3963) is an extension of Mobile IPv6. The NEMO BS embraced by the IETF working group to permit any node in the portable network to be accessible to the Internet despite the fact the network itself is roaming. This protocol likewise Mobile IPv6 does not deliver any kind of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees to its clients. It can barely offer the same level of services (i.e. Best-Effort) to all the users without obligation to the needs of applications. These propositions a challenge to real-time applications that demand a precise level of QoS pledge. The Differentiated Services have recently come to be the most widely used QoS support technology in IP networks due to its relative simplicity and scalability benefits. This paper proposes a new scheme to provide QoS to mobile network nodes within the NEMO context. The proposed scheme intends to reduce handover latency for the users of MNN as well as alleviates packet losses. The feasibility of the proposed enhancement is assessed by measuring its performance against the native NEMO BS standard protocol using the NS-2 simulator. The obtained results in the simulation study have demonstrated that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BS protocol.

/pdf/an-adaptive-diffserv-approach-to-support-qos-in-network-1nfcnmg7n4.pdf

An Adaptive Diffserv Approach To Support QoS In Network Mobility Nemo Environment

This study aims to identify whether or not there exists a significant relationship between ethnicity, religion, primary school and secondary school's stream of education and the current residential area towards the level of knowledge, understanding, acceptance and perception of the students on Islam and Malay provisions in the Federal Constitution. This study sees the involvement of 800 respondents selected from four IPTAs (Public Higher Learning Institutions). The study data is obtained through a questionnaire analysed using the SPSS programme. The descriptive statistics like the frequency, percentage, mean, cross-tabulation statistics and correlation coefficient employed to explain the respondents' backgrounds. The chi-square test is also used to identify if there exists a significant relationship or otherwise between ethnicity, religion, primary school and secondary school's stream of education and the current residential area towards the level of knowledge, understanding, acceptance and perception of the students on Islam and Malay in the Federal Constitution. The findings have been able to show that there is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and understanding of the students, with the level of acceptance of the students towards the provision of Islam and the Malays in higher-order constitution, also there is a higher level of acceptance towards the provision Islam and the Malays in the constitution. Based on the research findings, a few suggestions have been made to address issues related to the Malays. Next, this study also contributes to the field of knowledge due to the fact that its methodology is in the form of quantitative data, being somewhat different from many other previous works that have been done qualitatively, which also produces the questionnaire instrument for future studies.

/pdf/the-relationship-between-demography-and-the-students-level-3paoat6dyo.pdf

The Relationship Between Demography and the Students' Level of Knowledge, Understanding, Acceptance and Perception on Islam and Malay Provisions in the Constitution from the Perspective of Ethnic Relations in Malaysia

Network mobility basic support protocol (RFC 3963) is a novel thought for handling a bunch of nodes within a moving vehicular area. Namely, this protocol upholds continuous internet connectivity to nodes by establishing a bi-directional tunnel between Mobile Router (MR) and Home Agent (HA), when the MR of a mobile network changes its point of attachment. The bi-directional tunnel is set up as soon as the mobile router sends a successful Binding Update (BU) to its HA in order to inform the home agent about its current point of attachment. All traffic flow between the nodes in the mobile network and correspondent node must pass through the HA. This leads to sub-optimal routing that can surely disrupt and deteriorate all communications to and from the Mobile Network Nodes (MNN). Even the overheads can be further amplified if mobile networks are nested which is unacceptable for real-time applications that require certain Quality of Service (QoS) restrictions. Therefore, this study endeavors to propose a new scheme that bypasses the HA to cater optimal path and take the advantage of DiffServ to enhance QoS in the network mobility. The performance of the proposed scheme has been evaluated by using Network Simulator (NS-2). Subsequently, it benchmarked with the standard NEMO BSP that was proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The obtained results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BSP in terms of packets loss rate and the probability of dropping BU.

A scheme (Diff NEMO) for enhancing QoS in network mobility

Wireless sensor networks and smart grids are key issues to establish a future ecological and sustainable society. For the small community, such as a big mall, university, and manufacturing farm, it is difficult to unify the equipment type and radio air interface. Heterogeneous system coordination among various systems is necessary. In this paper, virtual radio space connection of wireless sensor networks by the RoF-MIMO is analyzed and calculated the network throughput and the network outage rate. And it is shown that the parallel RoF-MIMO can improve the throughput and the outage performance. Experiment is also conducted in the faculty building and confirms that the network outage is improved by RoF-MIMO.

Wan Haslina Hassan

Papers

Analytical Evaluation of Intra Domain Mobility Approach in NEMO Environment

An Adaptive Diffserv Approach To Support QoS In Network Mobility Nemo Environment

The Relationship Between Demography and the Students' Level of Knowledge, Understanding, Acceptance and Perception on Islam and Malay Provisions in the Constitution from the Perspective of Ethnic Relations in Malaysia

A scheme (Diff NEMO) for enhancing QoS in network mobility

Performance Analysis and Prototype Experiment for Parallel RoF-MIMO System