https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

Secondary metabolites of fungi from marine habitats.

Metabolite induction via microorganism co-culture: A potential way to enhance chemical diversity for drug discovery

Marine-derived bacteria and fungi are promising sources of novel bioactive compounds that are important for drug discovery programs. However, as encountered in terrestrial microorganisms there is a high rate of redundancy that results in the frequent re-discovery of known compounds. Apparently only a part of the biosynthetic genes that are harbored by fungi and bacteria are transcribed under routine laboratory conditions which involve cultivation of axenic microbial strains. Many biosynthetic genes remain silent and are not expressed in vitro thereby seriously limiting the chemical diversity of microbial compounds that can be obtained through fermentation. In contrast to this, co-cultivation (also called mixed fermentation) of two or more different microorganisms tries to mimic the ecological situation where microorganisms always co-exist within complex microbial communities. The competition or antagonism experienced during co-cultivation is shown to lead to a significantly enhanced production of constitutively present compounds and/or to an accumulation of cryptic compounds that are not detected in axenic cultures of the producing strain. This review highlights the power of co-cultivation for increasing the chemical diversity of bacteria and fungi drawing on published studies from the marine and from the terrestrial habitat alike.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/12/2/1043/pdf

Co-Cultivation—A Powerful Emerging Tool for Enhancing the Chemical Diversity of Microorganisms

This paper reviews 116 new compounds with antifungal or antibacterial activities as well as 169 other known antimicrobial compounds, with a specific focus on January 2010 through March 2015 Furthermore, the phylogeny of the fungi producing these antibacterial or antifungal compounds was analyzed The new methods used to isolate marine fungi that possess antibacterial or antifungal activities as well as the relationship between structure and activity are shown in this review

Antibacterial and Antifungal Compounds from Marine Fungi

A new xanthone derivative, 8-hydroxy-3-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylic acid methyl ether (1), was isolated from the co-culture broth of two mangrove fungi (strain No. K38 and E33) isolated from the South China Sea coast. The structure of 1 was determined by comprehensive spectroscopic methods, especially 2D NMR techniques. Primary bioassays showed that compound 1 has inhibitory activity against five microorganisms, including Gloeasporium musae and Peronophthora cichoralearum etc.

A new xanthone derivative from the co-culture broth of two marine fungi (strain No. E33 and K38)

A new biphenyl derivative 3,5′-dihydroxy-4′,5-dimethoxy-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1), was isolated from the culture broth of a fungus isolated from the rhizosphere soil of mangrove root on the South China Sea. The structure of 1 was determined by comprehensive spectroscopic methods, primarily 2D NMR techniques.

Weijiang Ding

Papers

A new xanthone derivative from the co-culture broth of two marine fungi (strain No. E33 and K38)

A new biphenyl derivative from an unidentified marine fungus E33