We explore the effect of dimensionality on the nearest neighbor problem. We show that under a broad set of conditions (much broader than independent and identically distributed dimensions), as dimensionality increases, the distance to the nearest data point approaches the distance to the farthest data point. To provide a practical perspective, we present empirical results on both real and synthetic data sets that demonstrate that this effect can occur for as few as 10-15 dimensions. These results should not be interpreted to mean that high-dimensional indexing is never meaningful; we illustrate this point by identifying some high-dimensional workloads for which this effect does not occur. However, our results do emphasize that the methodology used almost universally in the database literature to evaluate high-dimensional indexing techniques is flawed, and should be modified. In particular, most such techniques proposed in the literature are not evaluated versus simple linear scan, and are evaluated over workloads for which nearest neighbor is not meaningful. Often, even the reported experiments, when analyzed carefully, show that linear scan would outperform the techniques being proposed on the workloads studied in high (10-15) dimensionality!.

When is nearest neighbor meaningful

In the real world, a realistic setting for computer vision or multimedia recognition problems is that we have some classes containing lots of training data and many classes contain a small amount of training data. Therefore, how to use frequent classes to help learning rare classes for which it is harder to collect the training data is an open question. Learning with Shared Information is an emerging topic in machine learning, computer vision and multimedia analysis. There are different level of components that can be shared during concept modeling and machine learning stages, such as sharing generic object parts, sharing attributes, sharing transformations, sharing regularization parameters and sharing training examples, etc. Regarding the specific methods, multi-task learning, transfer learning and deep learning can be seen as using different strategies to share information. These learning with shared information methods are very effective in solving real-world large-scale problems. This special issue aims at gathering the recent advances in learning with shared information methods and their applications in computer vision and multimedia analysis. Both state-of-the-art works, as well as literature reviews, are welcome for submission. Papers addressing interesting real-world computer vision and multimedia applications are especially encouraged. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:  • Multi-task learning or transfer learning for large-scale computer vision and multimedia analysis • Deep learning for large-scale computer vision and multimedia analysis • Multi-modal approach for large-scale computer vision and multimedia analysis • Different sharing strategies, e.g., sharing generic object parts, sharing attributes, sharing transformations, sharing regularization parameters and sharing training examples, • Real-world computer vision and multimedia applications based on learning with shared information, e.g., event detection, object recognition, object detection, action recognition, human head pose estimation, object tracking, location-based services, semantic indexing. • New datasets and metrics to evaluate the benefit of the proposed sharing ability for the specific computer vision or multimedia problem. • Survey papers regarding the topic of learning with shared information.  Authors who are unsure whether their planned submission is in scope may contact the guest editors prior to the submission deadline with an abstract, in order to receive feedback.

IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence

MEDICAL LITERATURE has been deluged during the past few years with books and papers on penicillin; but a book which has been produced under the general editorship of Sir Alexander Fleming himself represents a complete and authoritative summary of penicillin therapy as it stands today.' The book contains a series of independent contributions by \"experienced and eminent men who have worked with penicillin in Great Britain\". Their opinions and practical methods differ slightly, and there is some overlapping; but these are not disadvantageous, comparison and contrast lending interest to the reading. In the first or general section of the book Fleming contributes two chapters, one on the history and development of penicillin, introducing some interesting sidelights in the romance of discovery, the other on the bacteriological control of penicillin therapy. In both chapters the information is set out in meticulous detail and with a clarity and simplicity which can be enjoyed by all readers. Fleming also gives the right perspective to the place of penicillin amongst the antibiotics and lays down the principles of treatment. Both chapters are well illustrated and are the most outstanding in the book. Included in this first section also are chapters on the chemistry and manufacture of penicillin and its pharmacy, pharmacology and methods of administration. The second section of the book is entirely clinical, giving each author's view on the use of penicillin therapy in a disease or an infection of some particular region of the body. The entire range of peniCillin-sensitive conditions is considered in twenty authoritative and clearly written chapters; these contain many references and illustrations. Dental and veterinary diseases are also given fairly full consideration. The final section is a condensed resume of much of the preceding chapters and is written for. the general practttioner. This chapter is superttuous: it does not contain enough detall to be of much practical value. The book as a Whole, however, will undoubtedly be considered a classical contribution to medical literature and is strongly recommended, not only because of the general interest of its topic, but as a reference book on penicillin therapy of hitherto unequalled excellence. The typography, although conforming to war economy standards, is clear and the paper is good. There is an excellent list of references and the index is satisfactory.

Gray's Anatomy

Digital processing of speech signals

Introduction A Why POC Diagnostics? B Time B Patient Responsibility and Compliance B Cost B Diagnostic Targets C Proteins C Metabolites and Other Small Molecules C Nucleic Acids C Human Cells D Microbes/Pathogens D Drugs and Food Safety D Current Context of POC Assays E POC Glucose Assays E Lateral Flow Assays E Limitations of “Traditional” POC Approaches F Enabling Technologies G Printing and Laminating G Microfluidic Technologies and Approaches: “Unit Operations” for POC Devices G Pumping and Valving H Mixing I Separation I Reagent Storage J Sample Preparation K Surface Chemistry and Device Substrates L Physical Adsorption L Bioaffinity Attachment L Covalent Attachment M Substrate Materials M Detection M Electrochemical Detection N Optical Detection N Magnetic Detection N Label-Free Methods O Enabling Multiplexed Assays O Recent Innovation O Lateral Flow Assay Technologies O Proteins P Antibodies P Protein Expression and Purification Q Nucleic Acids Q Aptamers R Infectious Diseases and Food/Water Safety R Blood Chemistry S Coagulation Markers S Whole Cells S Trends, Unmet Needs, Perspectives T Glucose T Global Health and the Developing World T Personalized Medicine and Home Testing U Technology Trends U Multiplexing V Author Information V Biographies V Acknowledgment W References W

/pdf/point-of-care-diagnostics-status-and-future-5c7xkio6mh.pdf

Point of care diagnostics: Status and future

Human haptic perception system is complex, involving both cutaneous and kinesthetic receptors. These receptors work together and enable human to perceive the external world. To simulate immersive interaction with virtual objects in virtual reality scenarios haptic devices are desired to reproduce multiproperties of virtual objects, support multigestures of human hands to perform fine manipulation, produce haptic stimuli for simultaneously stimulating multireceptors (including cutaneous and kinesthetic receptors) of human haptic channel, and thus invoke realistic compound haptic sensations. In recent years, such multimodal haptic devices have emerged. In this paper, we survey the latest progress on multimodal haptic devices, identify the gaps, and put forward future research directions on the topic.

Multimodal Haptic Display for Virtual Reality: A Survey

Fuzzy reactive control, incorporating a local target switching scheme, is applied to the automatic navigation of an intelligent mobile robot in an unknown and changing environment. Sensed-ranging signals and relative target position signals are input to the fuzzy controller. The steering angle and the velocity change are inferred to drive the mobile robot. A reactive rule base governing the robot behavior is synthesized from the human heuristics with respect to various situations of environment. A local target switching scheme is proposed to serve as a front-end processor of the fuzzy active controller and to deal with the local trapping and wandering cycle problem in the navigation of a behavior based mobile robot. The algorithm is described, together with some particular considerations about implementation. Efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach are verified through simulation and experiments conducted on a Nomad 200 mobile robot.

Sensor-based fuzzy reactive navigation of a mobile robot through local target switching

To quantitatively assess food texture changes and/or masticatory efficiency during chewing, the jaw movements and chewing/biting forces must be measured. For this purpose, a robotic solution has been proposed to reproduce the human chewing behavior. The chewing robot of parallel mechanism is based on the biological finding that the mandible is pivoted at the temporomandibular joints and driven by groups of muscles for opening and closing of the mouth. This paper reviews the biomechanics of the mastication system, defines the kinematical mechanism of the chewing robot, and describes the design of the actuation systems. With a linear actuator for a muscle group of mastication, its spatial placement between the mandible or moving plate and the maxilla or ground plate follows the line of action and attachment sites of the muscle. The design requirements for each actuation system are mainly specified as the actuation range, velocity, and acceleration, and the actuation force, which are determined by inverse kinematics analysis via a simulation software and the jaw force analysis via Pythagorean theorem, respectively. A design of the physical linear actuation, which is made up of a rotary motor, a gear reduction train, and a leadscrew, is presented, whereas the challenges are discussed for building the entire chewing robot.

Design of a Biologically Inspired Parallel Robot for Foods Chewing

Visual dead-reckoning for motion control of a Mecanum-wheeled mobile robot

Considers the tracking problem of dynamic nonholonomic systems with unknown inertia parameters. A new controller is proposed. The proposed controller not only ensures the entire state of the dynamic system asymptotically track the desired trajectory, but also is characterized by low dimension and the absence of singular points. Simulation results show that the proposed controller is effective.

Weiliang Xu

Papers

Multimodal Haptic Display for Virtual Reality: A Survey

Sensor-based fuzzy reactive navigation of a mobile robot through local target switching

Design of a Biologically Inspired Parallel Robot for Foods Chewing

Visual dead-reckoning for motion control of a Mecanum-wheeled mobile robot

Tracking control of uncertain dynamic nonholonomic system and its application to wheeled mobile robots