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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

Objective: Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to carry out intended actions in the future. Prospective forgetting has been shown to be one of the key cognitive impairments that cont...

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Schizophrenia and prospective memory impairments: a review.

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) allow patients with paralysis to control external devices by mental commands. Recent advances in home automation and the Internet of things may extend the horizon of BCI applications into daily living environments at home. In this study, we developed an online BCI based on scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to control home appliances. The BCI users controlled TV channels, a digital door-lock system, and an electric light system in an unshielded environment. The BCI was designed to harness P300 and N200 components of event-related potentials (ERPs). On average, the BCI users could control TV channels with an accuracy of 83.0% ± 17.9%, the digital door-lock with 78.7% ± 16.2% accuracy, and the light with 80.0% ± 15.6% accuracy, respectively. Our study demonstrates a feasibility to control multiple home appliances using EEG-based BCIs.

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Online home appliance control using EEG-Based brain-computer interfaces

Executive control dysfunction in subclinical depressive undergraduates: Evidence from the Attention Network Test.

Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to perform intended actions in the future. Although PM deficits are a prominent impairment in schizophrenia, little is still known about the nature of PM in symptomatically remitted patients with schizophrenia. To address this issue, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 20 symptomatically remitted patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls during an event-based PM paradigm. Behavioral results showed that symptomatically remitted patients with schizophrenia performed poorly on the PM task compared with healthy controls. On the neural level, the N300, a component of the ERPs related to PM cue detection, was reliable across these two groups, suggesting a degree of functional recovery of processes supporting cue detection in patients with symptomatically remitted schizophrenia. By contrast, the amplitude of the prospective positivity, a component of the ERPs related to PM intention retrieval, was significantly attenuated in symptomatically remitted schizophrenia patients relative to healthy controls. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the amplitude of the prospective positivity and accuracy on the PM task was found in those patients, indicating that patients' poor performance on this task may result from the failure to recover PM cue-induced intention from memory. These results provide evidence for the existence of altered PM processing in patients with symptomatically remitted schizophrenia, which is characterized by a selective deficit in retrospective component (intention retrieval) of PM. Therefore, these findings shed new light on the neurophysiological processes underlying PM in schizophrenia patients during clinical remission.

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Event-related brain potential correlates of prospective memory in symptomatically remitted male patients with schizophrenia.

Averaging amplitudes over consecutive time samples within a time-window is widely used to calculate the amplitude of an event-related potential (ERP) for cognitive neuroscience. Objective determination of the time-window is critical for determining the ERP component. Clustering on the spatio-temporal ERP data can obtain the time-window in which the consecutive time samples topographies are expected to be highly similar in practice. However, there exists a challenging problem of determining an optimal number of clusters. Here, we develop a novel methodology to obtain the optimal number of clusters using consensus clustering on the spatio-temporal ERP data. Various clustering methods, namely, K-means, hierarchical clustering, fuzzy C-means, self-organizing map, and diffusion maps spectral clustering are combined in an ensemble clustering manner to find the most reliable clusters. When a range of numbers of clusters is applied on the spatio-temporal ERP dataset, the optimal number of clusters should correspond to the cluster of interest within which the average of correlation coefficients between topographies of every two-time sample in the time-window is the maximum for an ERP of interest. In our method, we consider fewer cluster maps for analyzing an optimal number of clusters for isolating the components of interest in the spatio-temporal ERP. The statistical comparison demonstrates that the present method outperforms other conventional approaches. This finding would be practically useful for discovering the optimal clustering in spatio-temporal ERP, especially when the cognitive knowledge about time-window is not clearly defined.

Optimal Number of Clusters by Measuring Similarity among Topographies for Spatio-temporal ERP Analysis.

A recent electrophysiological study suggests existing compensatory brain activity as a mechanism for functional recovery of visual attention detection (the capacity for detecting external cues) in symptomatically remitted schizophrenia patients. Despite such evidence, little is known about other aspects of attentional-related processes in schizophrenia during clinical remission, such as their capacity to concentrate on the task at hands without being interfered by distracting information. To this end, we recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) from 20 symptomatically remitted schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy controls while they engaged in a classic Stroop task. Symptomatically remitted patients showed comparable Stroop interference to healthy controls, indicating a degree of functional recovery of such a capacity in these patients. On the neural level, the N450 over the fronto-central and central regions, a component of the ERPs related to conflict detection, was found across both groups, although patients presented a reduced N450 relative to healthy controls. By contrast, the amplitude of the sustained potential (SP) (600-800ms) over the parieto-central and parietal regions, a component of the ERPs related to conflict resolution, was significantly increased in patients relative to healthy controls. Furthermore, such increased SP amplitude correlated positively with improved behavioral accuracy in symptomatically remitted patients with schizophrenia. These findings reveal that symptomatically remitted patients with schizophrenia increasingly recruited the parietal activity involving successful conflict resolution to offset reduced conflict detection. Therefore, this provides further insight into compensatory mechanisms potentially involving a degree of functional recovery of attentional-related processes detection in in schizophrenia during clinical remission.

Neurophysiological Evidence of Compensatory Brain Mechanisms Underlying Attentional-Related Processes in Symptomatically Remitted Patients with Schizophrenia.

Clustering is a promising tool for grouping the sequence of similar time points aimed to identify the attention blocks in spatio-temporal event-related potentials (ERPs) analysis. It is most likely to elicit the appropriate time-window for ERP of interest if a suitable clustering method is applied to spatio-temporal ERP. However, how to reliably estimate a proper time-window from entire individual subjects' data is still challenging. In this study, we developed a novel multi-set consensus clustering method in which several clustering results of multiple subjects were combined to retrieve the best fitted clustering for all the subjects within a group. Then, the obtained clustering was processed by a newly proposed time-window detection method to determine the most suitable time-window for identifying the ERP of interest in each condition/group. Applying the proposed method to the simulated ERP data and real data indicated that the brain responses from the individual subjects can be collected to determine a reliable time-window for different conditions/groups. Our results revealed more precise time-windows to identify N2 and P3 components in the simulated data compared to the state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, our proposed method achieved more robust performance and outperformed statistical analysis results in the real data for N300 and prospective positivity components. To conclude, the proposed method successfully estimates the time-window for ERP of interest by processing the individual data, offering new venues for spatio-temporal ERP processing.

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Determination of the Time-Window of Event-Related Potential Using Multiple-Set Consensus Clustering

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Weiyan Ding

Papers

Event-related brain potential correlates of prospective memory in symptomatically remitted male patients with schizophrenia.

Optimal Number of Clusters by Measuring Similarity among Topographies for Spatio-temporal ERP Analysis.

Neurophysiological Evidence of Compensatory Brain Mechanisms Underlying Attentional-Related Processes in Symptomatically Remitted Patients with Schizophrenia.

Determination of the Time-Window of Event-Related Potential Using Multiple-Set Consensus Clustering

Correction: Optimal Number of Clusters by Measuring Similarity Among Topographies for Spatio-Temporal ERP Analysis