Microbial endophytes are present in all known plant species. The ability to enter and thrive in the plant tissues makes endophytes unique, showing multidimensional interactions within the host plant. Several vital activities of the host plant are known to be influenced by the presence of endophytes. They can promote plant growth, elicit defense response against pathogen attack, and can act as remediators of abiotic stresses. To date, most of the research has been done assuming that the interaction of endophytes with the host plant is similar to the plant growth-promoting (PGP) microbes present in the rhizosphere. However, a new appreciation of the difference of the rhizosphere environment from that of internal plant tissues is gaining attention. It would be interesting to explore the impact of endosymbionts on the host's gene expression, metabolism, and other physiological aspects essential in conferring resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. A more intriguing and inexplicable issue with many endophytes that has to be critically evaluated is their ability to produce host metabolites, which can be harnessed on a large scale for potential use in diverse areas. In this review, we discuss the concept of endophytism, looking into the latest insights related to the multifarious interactions beneficial for the host plant and exploring the importance of these associations in agriculture and the environment and in other vital aspects such as human health.

Multifaceted Interactions Between Endophytes and Plant: Developments and Prospects

Endophytic fungi became an attractive source for the discovery of new leads, because of the complexity and the structural diversity of their secondary metabolites. The genus Fusarium comprising abo...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21501203.2019.1645053

Bioprospecting endophytic fungi from Fusarium genus as sources of bioactive metabolites.

Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis.

Fusarium: a treasure trove of bioactive secondary metabolites.

A selection of the established and recently characterized alkaloids from the exploration of plant- and some marine-associated endophytic fungi is reviewed, with reference to alkaloids of biological significance.

Biologically Significant and Recently Isolated Alkaloids from Endophytic Fungi.

Panax notoginseng (Araliaceae) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine mainly cultivated in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China. Two new alkaloids, rigidiusculamide E (1) and [-(α-oxyisohexanoyl-N-methyl-leucyl)2-] (2), together with two known ones, (−)-oxysporidinone (3) and (−)-4,6′-anhydrooxysporidinone (4) were isolated from the mycelia culture of Fusarium tricinctum SYPF 7082, an endophytic fungus obtained from the healthy root of P. notoginseng. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1–4 were tested for their inhibitory effects against NO production on Murine macrophage cell line, and the new compound 2 showed significant inhibitory activity on NO production with the IC50 value of 18.10 ± 0.16 μM.

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Wen-Jie Sun

Papers

Two New Alkaloids from Fusarium tricinctum SYPF 7082, an Endophyte from the Root of Panax notoginseng

New hydroperoxylated and 20,24-epoxylated dammarane triterpenes from the rot roots of Panax notoginseng.