Directly, the utilization of petroleum-based fuels for energy supply in numerous applications has led to their depletion accompanied by an increase of global warming to the atmosphere. Hence, the paramount need for exploring new renewable energy sources has become in demand. Believing in the concepts of sustainable development to overcome these issues, the immense waste biomass has been recognized as a promising, clean and viable solution for future energy and fuels. In this regard, this review concisely presents the latest cutting-edge of different integrated refining strategies for the conversion of biomass to valuable liquid fuels (BTL) to reduce the dependency on conventional fuels. Economic insights for the production of biofuels have been distinctively assessed. From the economic point of view, thermochemical conversion methods of biomass to fuel are considered as promising integrated approaches because of their flexibility towards various types of biomasses and their efficiency to produce valuable products such as viable fuels, heat, and electricity. Bibliometric mapping has been thoroughly conducted to identify the latest literature studies within (bioenergy/biofuel) field. Dynamically, future efforts in the biomass management sector are also advised for producing green liquid fuels to meet the global energy demand through large commercial scales.

Thermochemical conversion strategies of biomass to biofuels, techno-economic and bibliometric analysis: A conceptual review

Comprehensive experimental study on energy conversion of household kitchen waste via integrated hydrothermal carbonization and supercritical water gasification

Studies on individual pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of peat–biomass blends: Thermal decomposition behavior, possible synergism, product characteristic evaluations and kinetics

Co-pyrolysis of waste polyvinyl chloride and oil-based drilling cuttings: Pyrolysis process and product characteristics analysis

Functional group characteristics and pyrolysis/combustion performance of fly ashes from Karamay oily sludge based on FT-IR and TG-DTG analyses

The optimization of Ni–Al2O3 catalyst with the addition of La2O3 for CO2–CH4 reforming to produce syngas

Modified Ni-Al2O3 catalysts with Ca, Co, and Ce species as promoters were prepared by the combustion method, and the structure, morphology, reduction characteristic, and CO2-CH4 reforming of the catalysts were discussed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, NH3-temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), N2 adsorption-desorption, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG), and temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH) methods. The crystal size of Ni on Ca-Ni-Al2O3 was 16.97 nm, and the active component and additive were distributed well in the catalyst. Co-Ni-Al2O3 presented a surface area of 65.70 m2·g-1 and a pore diameter of 161.60 nm. Ce-Ni-Al2O3 showed relatively stable nickel-aluminum spinel (NiAl2O4), which could not be easily reduced to the active component Ni. Evaluation results demonstrated that the performance of the catalysts followed the order Co-Ni-Al2O3 > Ca-Ni-Al2O3 > Ni-Al2O3 > Ce-Ni-Al2O3. Carbon deposition analysis showed that the carbon resistance of Ca-Ni-Al2O3 was poor and graphitic carbon was generated on the catalyst. However, Ce-Ni-Al2O3 showed less carbon deposition, which might have resulted from the lower activity of the catalyst.

Effect of Ca Promoter on the Structure, Performance, and Carbon Deposition of Ni-Al2O3 Catalyst for CO2-CH4 Reforming.

Five-stage sequential extraction of Hefeng coal and direct liquefaction performance of the extraction residue

Five organic solvents, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
(NMP), cyclohexanone (CYC), N,N-dimethyl­formamide
(DMF), acetonitrile (ACN), and toluene (TOL) were used to treat Shenhua
direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) by swelling processes. The
treated residues were characterized by swelling degree (Q), SEM, FTIR, TG-DTG, and Py-GC/MS methods. The effect of swelling
treatment on the swelling properties, surface morphology, functional
group distribution, and pyrolysis performance of the residues was
investigated. Swelling results showed that the swelling effect with
different solvents on each residue was different and that the swelling
degree of the residue treated by NMP was high, 2.4. Swelling treatment
could significantly change the surface morphology and pore structure
of DCLR, resulting in the increase of pores in the residue. FTIR spectra
proposed that swelling treatment could effectively break the hydrogen
bonds in residue and change the abundance of oxygen-containing functional
groups. TG-DTG profiles demonstrated that the swelling procedure could
increase the weight loss and pyrolysis rate of the residue, and the
pyrolysis activation energy in high-temperature region (≥360
°C) was obviously reduced, while the energy in the low-temperature
region (120–360 °C) was increased. Py-GC/MS proposed that
the swelling pretreatment could change the pyrolysis product distribution
of the residue, with the species of the products decreased, and that
ketones and arenes compounds were the main products.

Wenlong Mo

Papers

The optimization of Ni–Al2O3 catalyst with the addition of La2O3 for CO2–CH4 reforming to produce syngas

Functional group characteristics and pyrolysis/combustion performance of fly ashes from Karamay oily sludge based on FT-IR and TG-DTG analyses

Effect of Ca Promoter on the Structure, Performance, and Carbon Deposition of Ni-Al2O3 Catalyst for CO2-CH4 Reforming.

Five-stage sequential extraction of Hefeng coal and direct liquefaction performance of the extraction residue

Effect of Swelling Treatment by Organic Solvent on the Structure and Pyrolysis Performance of the Direct Coal Liquefaction Residue