6.2.2. Definition of Effective Properties 3064 6.3. Response Properties to Magnetic Fields 3066 6.3.1. Nuclear Shielding 3066 6.3.2. Indirect Spin−Spin Coupling 3067 6.3.3. EPR Parameters 3068 6.4. Properties of Chiral Systems 3069 6.4.1. Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) 3069 6.4.2. Optical Rotation (OR) 3069 6.4.3. VCD and VROA 3070 7. Continuum and Discrete Models 3071 7.1. Continuum Methods within MD and MC Simulations 3072

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Quantum mechanical continuum solvation models.

This article describes the software suite GROMACS (Groningen MAchine for Chemical Simulation) that was developed at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, in the early 1990s. The software, written in ANSI C, originates from a parallel hardware project, and is well suited for parallelization on processor clusters. By careful optimization of neighbor searching and of inner loop performance, GROMACS is a very fast program for molecular dynamics simulation. It does not have a force field of its own, but is compatible with GROMOS, OPLS, AMBER, and ENCAD force fields. In addition, it can handle polarizable shell models and flexible constraints. The program is versatile, as force routines can be added by the user, tabulated functions can be specified, and analyses can be easily customized. Nonequilibrium dynamics and free energy determinations are incorporated. Interfaces with popular quantum-chemical packages (MOPAC, GAMES-UK, GAUSSIAN) are provided to perform mixed MM/QM simulations. The package includes about 100 utility and analysis programs. GROMACS is in the public domain and distributed (with source code and documentation) under the GNU General Public License. It is maintained by a group of developers from the Universities of Groningen, Uppsala, and Stockholm, and the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz. Its Web site is http://www.gromacs.org.

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GROMACS: Fast, flexible, and free

GROMACS: A message-passing parallel molecular dynamics implementation

CHARMM (Chemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics) is a highly versatile and widely used molecu- lar simulation program. It has been developed over the last three decades with a primary focus on molecules of bio- logical interest, including proteins, peptides, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and small molecule ligands, as they occur in solution, crystals, and membrane environments. For the study of such systems, the program provides a large suite of computational tools that include numerous conformational and path sampling methods, free energy estima- tors, molecular minimization, dynamics, and analysis techniques, and model-building capabilities. The CHARMM program is applicable to problems involving a much broader class of many-particle systems. Calculations with CHARMM can be performed using a number of different energy functions and models, from mixed quantum mechanical-molecular mechanical force fields, to all-atom classical potential energy functions with explicit solvent and various boundary conditions, to implicit solvent and membrane models. The program has been ported to numer- ous platforms in both serial and parallel architectures. This article provides an overview of the program as it exists today with an emphasis on developments since the publication of the original CHARMM article in 1983.

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CHARMM: the biomolecular simulation program.

An analytical algorithm, called SETTLE, for resetting the positions and velocities to satisfy the holonomic constraints on the rigid water model is presented. This method is still based on the Cartesian coordinate system and can be used in place of SHAKE and RATTLE. We implemented this algorithm in the SPASMS package of molecular mechanics and dynamics. Several series of molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to examine the performance of the new algorithm in comparison with the original RATTLE method. It was found that SETTLE is of higher accuracy and is faster than RATTLE with reasonable tolerances by three to nine times on a scalar machine. Furthermore, the performance improvement ranged from factors of 26 to 98 on a vector machine since the method presented is not iterative. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

SETTLE: an analytical version of the SHAKE and RATTLE algorithm for rigid water models

During recent decades it has become feasible to simulate the dynamics of molecular systems on a computer. The method of molecular dynamics (MD) solves Newton's equations of motion for a molecular system, which results in trajectories for all atoms in the system. From these atomic trajectories a variety of properties can be calculated. The aim of computer simulations of molecular systems is to compute macroscopic behavior from microscopic interactions. The main contributions a microscopic consideration can offer are (1) the understanding and (2) interpretation of experimental results, (3) semiquantitative estimates of experimental results, and (4) the capability to interpolate or extrapolate experimental data into regions that are only difficultly accessible in the laboratory. One of the two basic problems in the field of molecular modeling and simulation is how to efficiently search the vast configuration space which is spanned by all possible molecular conformations for the global low (free) energy regions which will be populated by a molecular system in thermal equilibrium. The other basic problem is the derivation of a sufficiently accurate interaction energy function or force field for the molecular system of interest. An important part of the art of computer simulation is to choose the unavoidable assumptions, approximations and simplifications of the molecular model and computational procedure such that their contributions to the overall inaccuracy are of comparable size, without affecting significantly the property of interest. Methodology and some practical applications of computer simulation in the field of (bio)chemistry will be reviewed.

Computer-simulation of molecular-dynamics - methodology, applications, and perspectives in chemistry

A simple point-charge potential, developed earlier for the calculation of intermolecular forces in molecular-dynamics simulations of liquid water, has been extended to include interactions between water molecules and polar groups of proteins. A complete potential for use in the simulation of protein dynamics in water is reported.

A consistent empirical potential for water-protein interactions

Conformational dynamics detected by nuclear magnetic-resonance noe values and j-coupling constants

(1980). Constrained dynamics of flexible molecules. Molecular Physics: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 1015-1019.

Constrained dynamics of flexible molecules

A density matrix evolution (DME) method (Berendsen, H. J. C.; Mavri, J. J. Phys. Chem. the preceding paper in this issue) in combination with classical molecular dynamics simulation was applied to calculate the rate of proton tunneling in the intramolecular double-well hydrogen bond of hydrogen malonate (HM) in aqueous solution. The one-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equation was solved for an ensemble of 50 000 configurations td:obtain a time course of the splitting and coupling matrix elements between the product and reactant states. The rate of tunneling is in agreement with the approximate analytical solutions given by Borgis and Hynes (J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 94, 3619). When the in vacuo contribution to the free energy difference between the symmetric and asymmetric form of HM is omitted, the free energy difference has the meaning of the reversible work necessary for such a solvent reorganization that zero energy splitting between product and reactant states is achieved. The method of biased sampling is used to enhance the sampling of such configurations where tunneling probability is large. After the correction for biased sampling, the DME method results in practically the same rate of tunneling as obtained by an unbiased calculation. The rates of tunneling are compared to the classical proton-transfer rate in the nonadiabatic limit.

Influence of solvent on intramolecular proton-transfer in hydrogen malonate - molecular-dynamics simulation study of tunneling by density-matrix evolution and nonequilibrium solvation

Wf Vangunsteren

Papers

Computer-simulation of molecular-dynamics - methodology, applications, and perspectives in chemistry

A consistent empirical potential for water-protein interactions

Conformational dynamics detected by nuclear magnetic-resonance noe values and j-coupling constants

Constrained dynamics of flexible molecules

Influence of solvent on intramolecular proton-transfer in hydrogen malonate - molecular-dynamics simulation study of tunneling by density-matrix evolution and nonequilibrium solvation