Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.

Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The previously developed particle mesh Ewald method is reformulated in terms of efficient B‐spline interpolation of the structure factors This reformulation allows a natural extension of the method to potentials of the form 1/rp with p≥1 Furthermore, efficient calculation of the virial tensor follows Use of B‐splines in place of Lagrange interpolation leads to analytic gradients as well as a significant improvement in the accuracy We demonstrate that arbitrary accuracy can be achieved, independent of system size N, at a cost that scales as N log(N) For biomolecular systems with many thousands of atoms this method permits the use of Ewald summation at a computational cost comparable to that of a simple truncation method of 10 A or less

A smooth particle mesh Ewald method

6.2.2. Definition of Effective Properties 3064 6.3. Response Properties to Magnetic Fields 3066 6.3.1. Nuclear Shielding 3066 6.3.2. Indirect Spin−Spin Coupling 3067 6.3.3. EPR Parameters 3068 6.4. Properties of Chiral Systems 3069 6.4.1. Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) 3069 6.4.2. Optical Rotation (OR) 3069 6.4.3. VCD and VROA 3070 7. Continuum and Discrete Models 3071 7.1. Continuum Methods within MD and MC Simulations 3072

/pdf/quantum-mechanical-continuum-solvation-models-3edv963g14.pdf

Quantum mechanical continuum solvation models.

New protein parameters are reported for the all-atom empirical energy function in the CHARMM program. The parameter evaluation was based on a self-consistent approach designed to achieve a balance between the internal (bonding) and interaction (nonbonding) terms of the force field and among the solvent−solvent, solvent−solute, and solute−solute interactions. Optimization of the internal parameters used experimental gas-phase geometries, vibrational spectra, and torsional energy surfaces supplemented with ab initio results. The peptide backbone bonding parameters were optimized with respect to data for N-methylacetamide and the alanine dipeptide. The interaction parameters, particularly the atomic charges, were determined by fitting ab initio interaction energies and geometries of complexes between water and model compounds that represented the backbone and the various side chains. In addition, dipole moments, experimental heats and free energies of vaporization, solvation and sublimation, molecular volume...

/pdf/all-atom-empirical-potential-for-molecular-modeling-and-2nds0dxw12.pdf

All-atom empirical potential for molecular modeling and dynamics studies of proteins.

Experimental studies of barley and maize lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) show that the two proteins bind the ligand palmitate in opposite orientations in their internal cavities. Moreover, maize LTP is reported to bind the ligand caprate in the internal cavity in a mixture of two orientations with approximately equal occupancy. Six 30 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of maize and barley LTP with ligands bound in two orientations (modes M and B) have been used to understand the different ligand binding preferences. The simulations show that both maize and barley LTP could bind palmitate in the orientation observed experimentally for maize LTP (mode M), with the predominant interaction being a salt bridge between the ligand carboxylate headgroup and a conserved arginine side chain. However, the simulation of barley LTP with palmitate in the mode B orientation shows the most favorable protein–ligand interaction energy. In contrast, the simulations of maize LTP with palmitate and with caprate in the mode...

Molecular dynamics simulations of barley and maize lipid transfer proteins show different ligand binding preferences in agreement with experimental data.

Using a non-polarisable model (simple-point-charge (SPC)) for liquid water and two polarisable water models (COS/G2, COS/D), the effect of introducing molecular polarisability into the solvent upon protein structure and energetics is investigated for eight proteins, hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL), major cold shock protein (CspA), protein G (GP), chorismate mutase (CM), the C-terminal domain of the ribosomal protein L7/L12 (RB), the amino terminal domain of phage 434 repressor (GRP), a 12-residue β-hairpin (DNV) and the GCN trigger peptide (GTP), using MD simulation, one 50 ns simulation and four additional 20 ns simulations for each protein and each water model. The differences in overall structural and energetic properties of the proteins induced by the three different water models are small, except for the amino-terminal domain of phage 434 repressor (GRP). The polarisable COS/G2 water model induces a slightly stronger interaction with the proteins modelled using the GROMOS 54A7 force field than the non-...

Structural and energetic effects of the use of polarisable water to solvate proteins

The protein chorismate mutase MtCM from Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyzes one of the few pericyclic reactions known in biology: the transformation of chorismate to prephenate Chorismate mutases have been widely studied experimentally and computationally to elucidate the transition state of the enzyme catalyzed reaction and the origin of the high catalytic rate However, studies about substrate entry and product exit to and from the highly occluded active site of the enzyme have to our knowledge not been performed on this enzyme Crystallographic data suggest a possible substrate entry gate, that involves a slight opening of the enzyme for the substrate to access the active site Using multiple molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the natural dynamic process of the product exiting from the binding pocket of MtCM We identify a dominant exit pathway, which is in agreement with the gate proposed from the available crystallographic data Helices H2 and H4 move apart from each other which enables the product to exit from the active site Interestingly, in almost all exit trajectories, two residues arginine 72 and arginine 134, which participate in the burying of the active site, are accompanying the product on its exit journey from the catalytic site

Molecular dynamics simulation of the last step of a catalytic cycle: Product release from the active site of the enzyme chorismate mutase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Book Reviews: Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Elementary Methods. By J. M. Haile

The upper and lower lip regions in lysozyme from bacteriophage lambda (λ-lysozyme) are flexible in solution and exhibit two different conformations in crystal structures of the protein. MD simulations have been used to characterize the structure and dynamics of these lip regions, which surround the active site. Ten different simulations have been run including those with restraining to experimental NOE distance and 1H-15N order parameter data. The simulations show that the lower lip region, although undergoing considerable backbone fluctuations, contains two persistent β-strands. In the upper lip region, a wide range of conformations are populated and it is not clear from the available data whether some helical secondary structure is present. The work provides a clear example of the advantages of combining MD simulations with experimental data to obtain a structural interpretation of the latter. In this case, time-averaged order parameter restraining has played an essential role in enabling convergence between two different starting structures and identifying the extent to which flexible regions in solution can contain persistent secondary structure.

Wilfred F. van Gunsteren

Papers

Molecular dynamics simulations of barley and maize lipid transfer proteins show different ligand binding preferences in agreement with experimental data.

Structural and energetic effects of the use of polarisable water to solvate proteins

Molecular dynamics simulation of the last step of a catalytic cycle: Product release from the active site of the enzyme chorismate mutase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Book Reviews: Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Elementary Methods. By J. M. Haile

Characterization of the flexible lip regions in bacteriophage lambda lysozyme using MD simulations