William B. Krantz

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the thermal effects of vegetation and snow on the heat and water fluxes within patterned ground systems in all five Arctic bioclimate subzones along an 1800 km trans-Arctic temperature gradient in northern Alaska and northwestern Canada.

TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of plyamide membranes via the interfacial polymerization (IP) of m-phenylenediamine (MPD) in water with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in hexane or heptane is studied using two novel measurement techniques: light relfection and pendant-drop tensiometry.

TL;DR: Physical, chemical, thermal- and light-based treatment methods, and membrane technologies driven by different driving forces such as pressure, temperature and osmotic gradients are reviewed, including membrane technologies suitable for use in emergencies.

TL;DR: In this paper, a real-time, non-invasive, in situ measurement of membrane fouling using ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is presented. But, the results show a good correspondence between the decline in the ultrasonic signal amplitude and the development of a fouling layer and suggest that ultrasonic TDR may be particularly responsive to fouling initiation and its subsequent removal during membrane cleaning.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a hybrid desalination system that combines reverse electrodialysis (RED) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes, where the RED unit harvests the energy in the form of electricity from the salinity gradient between a highly concentrated solution (e.g., seawater or concentrated brine) and a low salinity solution (i.e., biologically treated secondary effluent or impaired water).