1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

Engineered nanoparticles have the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases; for example, by allowing the targeted delivery of a drug to particular subsets of cells. However, so far, such nanoparticles have not proved capable of surmounting all of the biological barriers required to achieve this goal. Nevertheless, advances in nanoparticle engineering, as well as advances in understanding the importance of nanoparticle characteristics such as size, shape and surface properties for biological interactions, are creating new opportunities for the development of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. This Review focuses on recent progress important for the rational design of such nanoparticles and discusses the challenges to realizing the potential of nanoparticles.

Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications

Data Acquisition- Sensor Characteristics- Physical Principles of Sensing- Optical Components of Sensors- Interface Electronic Circuits- Occupancy and Motion Detectors- Position, Displacement, and Level- Velocity and Accleration- Force, Strain and Tactile Sensors- Pressure Sensors- Flow Sensors- Acoustic Sensors- Humidity and Moisture Sensors- Light Detectors- Radiation Detectors- Temperature Sensors- Chemical Sensors- Sensor Technologies- Appendix

/pdf/handbook-of-modern-sensors-4j39sae1hv.pdf

Handbook of modern sensors

Research in the areas of drug delivery and tissue engineering has witnessed tremendous progress in recent years due to their unlimited potential to improve human health. Meanwhile, the development of nanotechnology provides opportunities to characterize, manipulate and organize matter systematically at the nanometer scale. Biomaterials with nano-scale organizations have been used as controlled release reservoirs for drug delivery and artificial matrices for tissue engineering. Drug-delivery systems can be synthesized with controlled composition, shape, size and morphology. Their surface properties can be manipulated to increase solubility, immunocompatibility and cellular uptake. The limitations of current drug delivery systems include suboptimal bioavailability, limited effective targeting and potential cytotoxicity. Promising and versatile nano-scale drug-delivery systems include nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanotubes, nanogels and dendrimers. They can be used to deliver both small-molecule drugs and various classes of biomacromolecules, such as peptides, proteins, plasmid DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides. Whereas traditional tissue-engineering scaffolds were based on hydrolytically degradable macroporous materials, current approaches emphasize the control over cell behaviors and tissue formation by nano-scale topography that closely mimics the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). The understanding that the natural ECM is a multifunctional nanocomposite motivated researchers to develop nanofibrous scaffolds through electrospinning or self-assembly. Nanocomposites containing nanocrystals have been shown to elicit active bone growth. Drug delivery and tissue engineering are closely related fields. In fact, tissue engineering can be viewed as a special case of drug delivery where the goal is to accomplish controlled delivery of mammalian cells. Controlled release of therapeutic factors in turn will enhance the efficacy of tissue engineering. From a materials point of view, both the drug-delivery vehicles and tissue-engineering scaffolds need to be biocompatible and biodegradable. The biological functions of encapsulated drugs and cells can be dramatically enhanced by designing biomaterials with controlled organizations at the nanometer scale. This review summarizes the most recent development in utilizing nanostructured materials for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Nanostructured materials for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a term increasingly used in the last decade to describe a range of systems implemented on full-scale civil infrastructures and whose purposes are to assist and inform operators about continued 'fitness for purpose' of structures under gradual or sudden changes to their state, to learn about either or both of the load and response mechanisms. Arguably, various forms of SHM have been employed in civil infrastructure for at least half a century, but it is only in the last decade or two that computer-based systems are being designed for the purpose of assisting owners/operators of ageing infrastructure with timely information for their continued safe and economic operation. This paper describes the motivations for and recent history of SHM applications to various forms of civil infrastructure and provides case studies on specific types of structure. It ends with a discussion of the present state-of-the-art and future developments in terms of instrumentation, data acquisition, communication systems and data mining and presentation procedures for diagnosis of infrastructural 'health'.

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Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure

Preface. About the Authors. Contributors. 1 The Emergence of Fiber Optic Sensor Technology (Eric Udd). 2 Optical Fibers (Daniel A. Nolan, Paul E. Blaszyk, and Eric Udd). 3 Light Sources (Eric Udd). 4 Optical Detectors (William B. Spillman, Jr.). 5 Optical Modulators for Fiber Optic Sensors (Leonard M. Johnson). 6 Intensity-Based and Fabry Perot Interferometer Sensors (Gordon L. Mitchell). 7 Multimode Grating Sensors (William B. Spillman, Jr.). 8 Multimode Polarization Sensors (William B. Spillman, Jr.). 9 Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Sagnac Interferometer and Passive Ring Resonator (Eric Udd). 10 Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Mach Zehnder and Michelson Interferometers (Anthony Dandridge). 11 Distributed and Multiplexed Fiber Optic Sensors (Alan D. Kersey). 12 Fiber Optic Magnetic Sensors (Frank Bucholtz). 13 Industrial Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors (John W. Berthold III). 14 Fiber Optic Smart Structures (Eric Udd). 15 Fiber Grating Sensors (Eric Udd). 16 Fiber Optic Biosensors (William B. Spillman, Jr.). Index.

Fiber optic sensors : an introduction for engineers and scientists

Polymeric biomaterials have extensively been used in medicinal applications. However, factors that determine their biocompatibility are still not very clear. This article reviews various effects of the chemical structure and the surface properties of polymeric biomaterials on their biocompatibility, including protein adsorption, cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, blood compatibility, and tissue compatibility. Understanding these aspects of biocompatibility is important to the improvement of the biocompatibility of existing polymers and the design of new biocompatible polymers.

Effects of the chemical structure and the surface properties of polymeric biomaterials on their biocompatibility.

An implant device is provided which is responsive to an external interrogation circuit. The implant device includes a structure implantable within a living animal and operatively configured to carry out or assist in carrying out a function within the living animal. The device further includes an electrically passive sensing circuit integral with the structure for sensing a parameter associated with the function. In particular, the sensing circuit includes an inductive element wherein the sensing circuit has a frequency dependent variable impedance loading effect on the interrogation circuit in response to an interrogation signal provided by the exciter/interrogator element, the impedance loading effect varying in relation to the sensed parameter.

Remotely interrogated diagnostic implant device with electrically passive sensor

A method of sensing vibration using the detection of changes in the spatial distribution of energy in the output of a multimode optical fiber has been demonstrated. Two implementations of the sensor have been built and tested. The first implementation involved simple optical processing of the output fiber speckle pattern using spatial filtering. The second implementation involved projecting the pattern on a CCD array and digitally processing observed changes in the intensity distribution. A mathematical model has been developed which has shown good agreement with observed sensor behavior. The sensor technique has been used to detect induced structural vibration in laboratory test specimens. Simple field testing has also demonstrated the ability of the technique to detect personnel and vehicles passing over a buried and electrically undetectable sensing cable. The sensing technique is compatible with off-the-shelf components and fiber cable and even allows for simultaneous telecommunication and sensing using the same optical fiber cable. Near term application of this technology could provide significant benefits for vibration sensing, intrusion detection, and acoustic sensing.

Statistical-mode sensor for fiber optic vibration sensing uses.

A system (30) for remotely interrogating a diagnostic implant device (32) utilizes acoustic energy to power, and interrogate the device (32). Acoustic energy is utilized by an acoustic source/detector unit (38) to excite the device (32) from outside the body of a patient. By analyzing the response of the device (32) to such excitation with an acoustic analyzer (36), it is possible to ascertain the condition of the device (32). Additionally, acoustic energy may be used to provide operating power to the device (32).

William B. Spillman

Papers

Fiber optic sensors : an introduction for engineers and scientists

Effects of the chemical structure and the surface properties of polymeric biomaterials on their biocompatibility.

Remotely interrogated diagnostic implant device with electrically passive sensor

Statistical-mode sensor for fiber optic vibration sensing uses.

Acoustic-based remotely interrogated diagnostic implant device and system