Introduction 1. Aqueous Corrosion 2. Environments and Application Examples 3. high-Temperature Corrosion 4. Modeling, Life Prediction, and Computer Applications 5. Corrosion Failures 6. Corrosion Maintenance Through Inspection And Monitoring 7. Acceleration and Amplification of Corrosion Damage 8. Materials Selection 9. Protective Coatings 10. Corrosion Inhibitors 11. Cathodic Protection 12. Anodic Protection

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Handbook of Corrosion Engineering

Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) can be understood as the integration of sensing and intelligence to enable the structure loading and damage-provoking conditions to be recorded, analyzed, localized, and predicted in such a way that nondestructive testing becomes an integral part of them. In addition, SHM systems can include actuation devices to take proper reaction or correction actions. SHM sensing requirements are very well suited for the application of optical fiber sensors (OFS), in particular, to provide integrated, quasi-distributed or fully distributed technologies. In this tutorial, after a brief introduction of the basic SHM concepts, the main fiber optic techniques available for this application are reviewed, emphasizing the four most successful ones. Then, several examples of the use of OFS in real structures are also addressed, including those from the renewable energy, transportation, civil engineering and the oil and gas industry sectors. Finally, the most relevant current technical challenges and the key sector markets are identified. This paper provides a tutorial introduction, a comprehensive background on this subject and also a forecast of the future of OFS for SHM. In addition, some of the challenges to be faced in the near future are addressed.

Fiber Optic Sensors in Structural Health Monitoring

Control apparatus and method including a first control device, located at the vehicle or premises, for monitoring or detecting an event, which generates and/or transmits a first notification signal containing event information to a second control device located remote from the vehicle or premises. The second control device generates and/or transmits a second notification signal to a remote communication device for providing notification of the event occurrence. Control apparatus and method including a first control device, located at a vehicle or premises, which generates and/or transmits a first signal for activating, deactivating, enabling, or disabling, a vehicle or a premises system, equipment system, subsystem, device, component, appliance, a vehicle, or a premises, in response to a signal generated and/or transmitted from a remote second control device. The second control device is responsive to a third signal generated and/or transmitted by a remote third control device.

Control, monitoring and/or security apparatus and method

Optical chemical sensors are capable of continuously recording a chemical species and thus have found (and will find) numerous applications in areas such as the chemical industry, in biotechnology and medicine. Among the many optical methods are employed for sensing purposes, fluorescence has attracted particular attention because it is sensitive, has numerous parameters that can serve as an analytical information and knows effects unknown to other spectroscopies. The implementation of spectroscopic schemes into a useful sensing scheme has been hampered though, by the lack of appropriate materials including polymers and particles, indicator probes, molecular receptors, carriers, catalysts and fluorescent semiconductor materials. This article will address the progress made in the past years and some of the futures aspects and challenges.

Materials for fluorescence-based optical chemical sensors

A method of sensing vibration using the detection of changes in the spatial distribution of energy in the output of a multimode optical fiber has been demonstrated. Two implementations of the sensor have been built and tested. The first implementation involved simple optical processing of the output fiber speckle pattern using spatial filtering. The second implementation involved projecting the pattern on a CCD array and digitally processing observed changes in the intensity distribution. A mathematical model has been developed which has shown good agreement with observed sensor behavior. The sensor technique has been used to detect induced structural vibration in laboratory test specimens. Simple field testing has also demonstrated the ability of the technique to detect personnel and vehicles passing over a buried and electrically undetectable sensing cable. The sensing technique is compatible with off-the-shelf components and fiber cable and even allows for simultaneous telecommunication and sensing using the same optical fiber cable. Near term application of this technology could provide significant benefits for vibration sensing, intrusion detection, and acoustic sensing.

Statistical-mode sensor for fiber optic vibration sensing uses.

The problems associated with the application of chloride-based deicing agents to roadways and specifically bridges include chemical pollution and accelerated corrosion of strength members (especially the rebar) within the structure. In many instances, local ordnances are attempting to force state agencies to reduce, if not eliminate, the use of these chlorides (typically at the cost of increased driving hazards). With respect to the corrosion aspects of chloride application, cracks that occur in the roadway/bridge pavement allow water to seep into the pavement carrying the chloride to the rebar with the resultant increase in corrosion. In tandem with these efforts has been the continuing use of embedded fiber optic sensors for identification of faults or cracks within a highway structure - i.e., structural health monitoring. In this paper, we present multiple-parameter sensing fiber optic sensors which may be embedded into roadway and bridge structures to provide an internal measurement and assessment of its health. Such issues are paramount in determining if remedial or preventative maintenance should be performed on such structures. Laboratory results, comparisons with conventional sensing methods as well as a review of real-world issues in highway sensing are presented.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/7/2/009/pdf

Corrosion detection in reinforced concrete roadways and bridges via embedded fiber optic sensors

The University of Vermont is in the process of constructing a new major facility to house various biotechnology research laboratories and offices. This five-storey, 65000 square foot concrete structure, named the Stafford Building, is being equipped with fiber optic and conventional sensors embedded into the concrete superstructure. These sensors will allow monitoring of stresses incurred during the construction phase and monitoring of concrete curing as well as vibration sensing and internal crack sensing. Longitudinal studies of the building's in-service performance and overall health will also be carried out. A description of the sensor choices, physical placements, use and review of relevant construction practices are presented in this paper.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/1/1/009/pdf

Performance and health monitoring of the Stafford Medical Building using embedded sensors

The use of chloride-based deicing agents to help clear U.S. highways of roadway hazards leads to associated chemical related problems. Fouling of local rivers and streams due to runoff of the waterborne chlorides is significant and has contributed to local ordinances that are attempting to force state agencies to reduce, if not eliminate, the use of these chlorides (typically at the cost of increased driving hazards). With respect to the corrosion aspects of chloride application, cracks that occur in the roadway/bridge pavement allow water to seep into the pavement carrying the chloride to the rebar with the resultant increase in corrosion. The costs of this corrosion are considerable and have led to the widespread use of chloride/water impermeable membranes on roadways and especially within bridges. Fiber optic sensors have repeatedly been shown to provide measurement capabilities of parameters within such reinforced concrete structures. Development of fiber optic chloride sensors capable of being embedded within a roadway or bridge deck is reported.

Embedded fiber optic sensors for bridge deck chloride penetration measurement

When coherent light is coupled into a multimode waveguide (such as a fiber), a speckle pattern is formed at the fiber output. When the fiber is vibrated, the speckle pattern is modulated due to mode coupling and phase modulation of the waveguide modes. It is shown that when a highly coherent light source is used, the speckle pattern modulation is due primarily to phase modulation of the modes. When less coherent sources are used (such as low-cost laser diodes), mode coupling is the dominant effect. >

Peter L. Fuhr

Papers

Statistical-mode sensor for fiber optic vibration sensing uses.

Corrosion detection in reinforced concrete roadways and bridges via embedded fiber optic sensors

Performance and health monitoring of the Stafford Medical Building using embedded sensors

Embedded fiber optic sensors for bridge deck chloride penetration measurement

Mode coupling and phase modulation in vibrating waveguides