Water adsorption in porous materials is important for many applications such as dehumidification, thermal batteries, and delivery of drinking water in remote areas. In this study, we have identified three criteria for achieving high performing porous materials for water adsorption. These criteria deal with condensation pressure of water in the pores, uptake capacity, and recyclability and water stability of the material. In search of an excellently performing porous material, we have studied and compared the water adsorption properties of 23 materials, 20 of which are metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Among the MOFs are 10 zirconium(IV) MOFs with a subset of these, MOF-801-SC (single crystal form), −802, −805, −806, −808, −812, and −841 reported for the first time. MOF-801-P (microcrystalline powder form) was reported earlier and studied here for its water adsorption properties. MOF-812 was only made and structurally characterized but not examined for water adsorption because it is a byproduct of MOF-841 s...

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Water Adsorption in Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks and Related Materials

Mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC) is a satellite-based image-processing model for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) as a residual of the surface energy balance. METRIC uses as its foundation the pioneering SEBAL energy balance process developed in The Netherlands by Bastiaanssen, where the near-surface temperature gradients are an indexed function of radiometric surface temperature, thereby eliminating the need for absolutely accurate surface temperature and the need for air-temperature measurements. The surface energy balance is internally calibrated using ground-based reference ET to reduce computational biases inherent to remote sensing-based energy balance and to provide congruency with traditional methods for ET. Slope and aspect functions and temperature lapsing are used in applications in mountainous terrain. METRIC algorithms are designed for relatively routine application by trained engineers and other technical professionals who possess a fami...

Satellite-Based Energy Balance for Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC)—Model

Entropy generation minimization (finite time thermodynamics, or thermodynamic optimization) is the method that combines into simple models the most basic concepts of heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and thermodynamics. These simple models are used in the optimization of real (irreversible) devices and processes, subject to finite‐size and finite‐time constraints. The review traces the development and adoption of the method in several sectors of mainstream thermal engineering and science: cryogenics, heat transfer, education, storage systems, solar power plants, nuclear and fossil power plants, and refrigerators. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental and technological importance of the optimization method and its results, the pedagogical merits of the method, and the chronological development of the field.

Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes

A Review on Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid Solar Technology

New heat conversion technologies need to be developed and improved to take advantage of the necessary increase in the supply of renewable energy. The Organic Rankine Cycle is well suited for these applications, mainly because of its ability to recover low-grade heat and the possibility to be implemented in decentralized lower-capacity power plants. In this paper, an overview of the different ORC applications is presented. A market review is proposed including cost figures for several commercial ORC modules and manufacturers. An in-depth analysis of the technical challenges related to the technology, such as working fluid selection and expansion machine issues is then reported. Technological constraints and optimization methods are extensively described and discussed. Finally, the current trends in research and development for the next generation of Organic Rankine Cycles are presented.

Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems

The updated fourth edition of the "bible" of solar energy theory and applications

	Over several editions, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes has become a classic solar engineering text and reference. This revised Fourth Edition offers current coverage of solar energy theory, systems design, and applications in different market sectors along with an emphasis on solar system design and analysis using simulations to help readers translate theory into practice.

	An important resource for students of solar engineering, solar energy, and alternative energy as well as professionals working in the power and energy industry or related fields, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition features:

	Increased coverage of leading-edge topics such as photovoltaics and the design of solar cells and heatersA brand-new chapter on applying CombiSys (a readymade TRNSYS simulation program available for free download) to simulate a solar heated house with solar- heated domestic hot waterAdditional simulation problems available through a companion websiteAn extensive array of homework problems and exercises

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Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 2nd ed.

Optimum design criteria for an Organic Rankine cycle using low-temperature geothermal heat sources

Diffusion-thermo and thermal-diffusion effects in transient and steady natural convection from a vertical surface

The possibility of exploiting low-temperature heat sources has been of great significance with ever increasing energy demand. Optimum and cost-effective design of the power cycles provide a means of utilization of low-temperature heat sources which might otherwise be discarded. In this analysis, the performance of the Kalina cycle system 11 (KCS11) is examined for low-temperature geothermal heat sources and is compared with an organic Rankine cycle. The effect of the ammonia fraction and turbine inlet pressure on the cycle performance is investigated in detail. Results show that for a given turbine inlet pressure, an optimum ammonia fraction can be found that yields the maximum cycle efficiency. Further, the maximum cycle efficiency does not necessarily yield the optimum operating conditions for the system. In addition, it is important to consider the utilization of the various circulating media (i.e., working fluid, cooling water, and heat resource) and heat exchanger area per unit power produced. For given conditions, an optimum range of operating pressure and ammonia fraction can be identified that result in optimum cycle performance. In general, the KCS11 has better overall performance at moderate pressures than that of the organic Rankine cycle.

The Performance of the Kalina Cycle System 11(KCS-11) With Low-Temperature Heat Sources

http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/e-resources/download.php?id=157

William M. Worek

Papers

Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 2nd ed.

Optimum design criteria for an Organic Rankine cycle using low-temperature geothermal heat sources

Diffusion-thermo and thermal-diffusion effects in transient and steady natural convection from a vertical surface

The Performance of the Kalina Cycle System 11(KCS-11) With Low-Temperature Heat Sources

Nanofluids and critical heat flux, experimental and analytical study