Compounds Currently in Phase II−III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas Yu Zhou,† Jiang Wang,† Zhanni Gu,† Shuni Wang,† Wei Zhu,† Jose ́ Luis Aceña,*,‡,§ Vadim A. Soloshonok,*,‡,∥ Kunisuke Izawa,* and Hong Liu*,† †Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China ‡Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizab́al 3, 20018 San Sebastiań, Spain Department of Organic Chemistry, Autońoma University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024

Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II–III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas

The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.

Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design.

There are two classes of glucose transporters involved in glucose homeostasis in the body, the facilitated transporters or uniporters (GLUTs) and the active transporters or symporters (SGLTs). The ...

Biology of Human Sodium Glucose Transporters

Recent developments in the synthesis and utilization of chiral sulfoxides.

The present invention encompasses albumin fusion proteins. Nucleic acid molecules encoding the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are also encompassed by the invention, as are vectors containing these nucleic acids, host cells transformed with these nucleic acids vectors, and methods of making the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and using these nucleic acids, vectors, and/or host cells. Additionally the present invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions comprising albumin fusion proteins and methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating diseases, disorders or conditions using albumin fusion proteins of the invention.

Albumin Fusion Proteins

The C-aryl glucoside 6 (dapagliflozin) was identified as a potent and selective hSGLT2 inhibitor which reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner by as much as 55% in hyperglycemic streptozotocin (STZ) rats. These findings, combined with a favorable ADME profile, have prompted clinical evaluation of dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Discovery of Dapagliflozin: A Potent, Selective Renal Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE— The inhibition of gut and renal sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of diabetes. We have identified dapagliflozin as a potent and selective inhibitor of the renal sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT2 in vitro and characterized its in vitro and in vivo pharmacology.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Cell-based assays measuring glucose analog uptake were used to assess dapagliflozin's ability to inhibit sodium-dependent and facilitative glucose transport activity. Acute and multi-dose studies in normal and diabetic rats were performed to assess the ability of dapagliflozin to improve fed and fasting plasma glucose levels. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study was performed to assess the ability of dapagliflozin to improve glucose utilization after multi-dose treatment.

RESULTS— Dapagliflozin potently and selectively inhibited human SGLT2 versus human SGLT1, the major cotransporter of glucose in the gut, and did not significantly inhibit facilitative glucose transport in human adipocytes. In vivo, dapagliflozin acutely induced renal glucose excretion in normal and diabetic rats, improved glucose tolerance in normal rats, and reduced hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats after single oral doses ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg. Once-daily dapagliflozin treatment over 2 weeks significantly lowered fasting and fed glucose levels at doses ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg and resulted in a significant increase in glucose utilization rate accompanied by a significant reduction in glucose production.

CONCLUSIONS— These data suggest that dapagliflozin has the potential to be an efficacious treatment for type 2 diabetes.

https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/diabetes/57/6/1723.full.pdf

Dapagliflozin, a Selective SGLT2 Inhibitor, Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Normal and Diabetic Rats

An SGLT2 inhibiting compound is provided having the formula[Chemical structure] A method is also provided for treating diabetes and related diseases employing an SGLT2 inhibiting amount of the above compound alone or in combination with another antidiabetic agent or other therapeutic agent.

C-aryl glucoside SGLT2 inhibitors and method

SGLT2 inhibiting compounds are provided having formula (I) where R?1, R2, and R2a? are independently hydrogen, OH, OR5, lower alkyl, CF?3?, OCHF2, OCF3, SR?5i? or halogen, or two of R?1, R2 and R2a? together with the carbons to which they are attached can form an annelated five, six or seven membered carbocycle or heterocycle; R?3 and R4? are independently hydrogen, OH, OR5a, OAryl, OCH?2?Aryl, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, CF3, -OCHF2, -OCF3, halogen, -CN, -CO2R?5b, -CO?2H, -COR6b, -CH(OH)R6c, -CH(OR?5h)R6d, -CONR6R6a?, -NHCOR5c, -NHSO?2R?5d, -NHSO?2?Aryl, Aryl, -SR?5e, -SOR5f, SO?2R5g, SO2Aryl, or a five, six or seven membered heterocycle, or R?3 and R4? together with the carbons to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered carbocycle or heterocycle; R?5, R5a, R5b, R5c, R5d, R5e, R5f, R5g, R5h, and R5I? are independently lower alkyl; R?6, R6a, R6b, R6c and R6d? are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or cycloalkyl, or R?6 and R6a? together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered heterocycle; A is O, S, NH, or (CH?2?)n where n is 0 - 3. A method is also provided for treating diabetes and related diseases employing an SGLT2 inhibiting amount of the above compound alone or in combination with another antidiabetic agent or other therapeutic agent.

C-aryl glucoside SGLT2 inhibitors

Compounds of the formula ##STR1## and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These compounds are beta three adrenergic receptor agonists and are useful, therefore for example, in the treatment of diabetes, obesity and gastrointestinal diseases.

William N. Washburn

Papers

Discovery of Dapagliflozin: A Potent, Selective Renal Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Dapagliflozin, a Selective SGLT2 Inhibitor, Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Normal and Diabetic Rats

C-aryl glucoside SGLT2 inhibitors and method

C-aryl glucoside SGLT2 inhibitors

CATECHOLAMINE SURROGATES USEFUL AS β3 AGONISTS