THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

United States Agency for International Development

Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis.

Mycotoxins: occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1218695.pdf

Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by species of Aspergilli, specifically Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These molds are ubiquitous in nature and grow on a variety of substrates, thereby producing aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are of great concern due to their biochemical and biological effects on living organisms. In this article, the occurrence of aflatoxins, their biosynthesis, factors influencing their production, their effects on living organisms, and methods of detection and control in food are reviewed. Future areas of research involving mathematical modeling of factors influencing aflatoxin production and alternative methods of control, such as modified atmosphere packaging, are also discussed.

Aflatoxins in food: occurrence, biosynthesis, effects on organisms, detection, and methods of control.

Although aflatoxins (AFs) have been shown to be immune-suppressive agents in animals, the potential role of AFs in modifying the distribution and function of leukocyte subsets in humans has never been assessed. We examined the cellular immune status of 64 Ghanaians in relation to levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)‐albumin adducts in plasma. The percentages of leukocyte immunophenotypes in peripheral blood, CD41 T cell proliferative response, CD41 Th and CD81 T cell cytokine profiles and monocyte phagocytic activity were measured using flow cytometry. NK cell cytotoxic function was determined by perforin and tumor necrosis factor-a expression in CD3CD561 NK cells. AFB1‐albumin adducts levels ranged from 0.3325 to 2.2703 (mean 5 0.9972 6 0.40, median 5 0.9068) pmol mg 1 albumin. Study participants with high AFB1 levels had significantly lower percentages of CD31 and CD191 cells that showed the CD691 activation marker (CD31CD691 and CD191CD691) than participants with low AFB1 levels (P 5 0.002 for both). Also, the percentages of CD81 T cells that contained perforin or both perforin and granzyme A were significantly lower in participants with high AFB1 levels compared with those with low AFB1 (P 5 0.012 for both). Low levels of CD31CD691 (r 5 0.32, P 5 0.016) and CD191CD691 (r 5 0.334, P 5 0.010) cells were significantly associated with high AFB1 levels using correlation analysis. By multivariate analysis, there were strong negative correlations between the percentages of these cells (CD31CD691: b 5 0.574, P 5 0.001, and CD191CD691: b 5 0.330, P 5 0.032) and AFB1 levels. These alterations in immunological parameters in participants with high AFB1 levels could result in impairments in cellular immunity that could decrease host resistance to infections.

http://www.yourclay.com/reprints/2005_International_Immunology_Aflatoxin_immunity_.pdf

Aflatoxin b1 albumin adduct levels and cellular immune status in ghanaians

Levels of some nutrients in Moringa oleifera leaves as well as seven varieties of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves were determined using standard analytical methods. Crude protein ranged from 16.78 25.39%; crude fibre from 9.75 - 12.14%; crude fat from 0.38 - 1.91%; ash content from 8.71 - 11.60%; moisture content (fwb) ranged from 80.16 - 88.20%; carbohydrate values from 53.29 - 59.01%; and calorific values ranged from 1344.00 ‐ 1399.00 kJ/g (316.66-329.76 cal/g) for the sweet potato leaves. For M. oleifera leaves, crude protein was 27.51%, crude fibre was 19.25%, crude fat was 2.23%, ash content was 7.13%, moisture content was 76.53%, carbohydrate content was 43.88%, and the calorific value was 1296.00 kJ/g (305.62 cal/g). Elemental analysis of the leaves in mg/100g dry matter (DM) indicates the sweet potato leaves contained appreciable levels of calcium (1310.52-1402.27) and iron (9.62-23.02). Calcium and iron content of M. oleifera also in mg/100 g (DM) were 2,009.00 and 28.29, respectively. These results reveal that the leaves contain an appreciable amount of nutrients and can be included in diets to supplement our daily nutrient needs.

William O. Ellis

Papers

Aflatoxins in food: occurrence, biosynthesis, effects on organisms, detection, and methods of control.

Aflatoxin b1 albumin adduct levels and cellular immune status in ghanaians

Nutritional potential of two leafy vegetables: Moringa oleifera and Ipomoea batatas leaves

The physicochemical properties of flour samples from the roots of 31 varieties of cassava

Determinants of aflatoxin levels in Ghanaians: sociodemographic factors, knowledge of aflatoxin and food handling and consumption practices.