Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery--a promising option for orally less efficient drugs.

Within the oral mucosal cavity, the buccal region offers an attractive route of administration for systemic drug delivery. The mucosa has a rich blood supply and it is relatively permeable. It is the objective of this article to review buccal drug delivery by discussing the structure and environment of the oral mucosa and the experimental methods used in assessing buccal drug permeation/absorption. Buccal dosage forms will also be reviewed with an emphasis on bioadhesive polymeric based delivery systems

Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: a review.

The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery.

Drug Delivery via the Mucous Membranes of the Oral Cavity

Oral strip technology: overview and future potential.

The in vitro permeability of skin and buccal mucosa to selected drugs and tritiated water.

Measurement of intracellular Ca2+ in young and old human erythrocytes using 19F-NMR spectroscopy.

This study examined effects of dietary n−3 fatty acids on age-related changes in erythrocyte anion transport and susceptibility to oxidation. Blood was drawn from healthy adult volunteers before and after six weeks' supplementation (nine/group) with 4.0 g/day of safflower oil (containing 2.9 g n−6 fatty acids) or fish oil (containing 1.2 g long-chain n−3 fatty acids). Following density separation of young and old erythrocytes, membrane anion transport and cell membrane lipid composition were measured. Oxidative damage was measured in erythrocyte ghosts exposed to a free radical generator. Fish oil significantly increased 16∶0 and 20∶5n−3 in ghosts of both young and old cells, and 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in old cells alone. Safflower oil increased 16∶0, 18∶0, 18∶1n−9, and 22∶5n−6 in ghosts of young cells only. The age-dependent increase in membrane anion transport (P<0.01) was decreased by dietary fish oil supplementation, but not by safflower oil supplementation. Safflower oil and fish oil increased the susceptibility of both young and old erythrocytes to oxidative damage by free radical generation (P<0.001).

Dietary fatty acids, membrane transport, and oxidative sensitivity in human erythrocytes.

 The McLeod phenotype is a rare condition characterized by deficiencies in the Kell blood group antigens of erythrocytes The present study has defined some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of these red cells



Scanning electron microscopy reveals that approximately 27% of McLeod cells are morphologically abnormal These aberrant forms resemble the acanthocytes of abetalipoproteinemia Tncubation experiments indicate that the morphology of McLeod erythrocytes is not due to a plasma factor Biochemical studies reveal that the lipid composition and microviscosity of these erythrocytes are normal In addition, isotopic tracer experiments indicate that electrolyte transport is also within the normal range However, osmotic water permeability is approximately 30% below normal The absence of a lipid abnormality and other experimental data suggest that the abnormal morphology and reduced H2O permeability of the McLeod erythrocyte may be due to defective membrane protein

William R. Galey

Papers

The in vitro permeability of skin and buccal mucosa to selected drugs and tritiated water.

Measurement of intracellular Ca2+ in young and old human erythrocytes using 19F-NMR spectroscopy.

Dietary fatty acids, membrane transport, and oxidative sensitivity in human erythrocytes.

Morphology and Physiology of the McLeod Erythrocyte

Effects of dietary fatty-acid supplementation on fatty-acid composition and deformability of young and old erythrocytes