Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a broad research area and attract considerable tremendous attention today in the materials science and engineering society. In recent years, FGMs have experienced remarkable developments in manufacturing methods. FGMs can be produced using several well-known processing techniques from conventional to advanced. This research provides an overview of manufacturing methods for FGMs, thus describing the fundamental difficulties and strengths of these methods based on the available literature over 30 years. Besides, this critical review gives a comprehensive summary of the various applications and the future trends for research required for the design and production of these materials properly with a smooth graded. The anticipated findings of the current paper can be considered as a milestone for future production and analysis investigations for FGMs and are beneficial for researchers, designers, and manufacturers in this scope.

30 Years of functionally graded materials: An overview of manufacturing methods, Applications and Future Challenges

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Baseline high heat flux and plasma facing materials for fusion

Challenges for plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion

Over the last few years, many classifications have been proposed for functionally graded materials (FGMs). In this Paper, critical review of different available classifications for FGM based on their physical, structural and manufacturing characteristics are presented. Advantages and limitations of each fabrication method for use in a given application is correspondingly considered. In addition, new classifications based on gradation control and accuracy, residual stresses, specific energy consumption, environmental impact evaluated throughout the complete life cycle and manufacturing costs are proposed. These classifications mainly reflect the needs of both FGM designers and industrial manufacturers. Based upon the presented classifications and the recent advances in analysis and production techniques, new major directions for FGMs research are proposed.

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Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

Synthesis of W-Y2O3 alloys by freeze-drying and subsequent low temperature sintering: Microstructure refinement and second phase particles regulation

Preparation and properties of CVD-W coated W/Cu FGM mock-ups

Preparation of W–Cu functionally graded material coated with CVD–W for plasma-facing components

The effects of the addition of Y2O3 and hot-deformation on the mechanical properties of tungsten (W) have been studied. The processing route comprises a doping technique for the distribution of Y2O3 particles in a tungsten matrix, conventional sintering in a hydrogen environment, and high-energy-rate forging (HERF). The microstructure of the composite was characterized by using transmission electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction imaging technique, and its mechanical properties were studied by means of tensile testing. The thermal shock response of the HERF processed W-Y2O3 was evaluated by applying edge-localized mode-like loads (100 pulses) with a pulse duration of 1 ms and an absorbed power density of up to 1 GW m−2 at various temperatures between room temperature and 200 °C. HERF processing has produced elongated W grains with preferred orientations and a high density of structure defects in the composite. The composite material exhibits high tensile strength and good ductility, and a thermal shock cracking threshold lower than 100 °C.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/aa8f2d/pdf

Xiang Liu

Papers

Preparation and properties of CVD-W coated W/Cu FGM mock-ups

Preparation of W–Cu functionally graded material coated with CVD–W for plasma-facing components

Mechanical properties and thermal shock performance of W-Y2O3 composite prepared by high-energy-rate forging

The thermal properties of high purity and fully dense tungsten produced by chemical vapor deposition

Simulation of transient heat loads on high heat flux materials and components