Piezocatalysis and Piezo-Photocatalysis: Catalysts Classification and Modification Strategy, Reaction Mechanism, and Practical Application

The reach of tribology has expanded in diverse fields and tribology related research activities have seen immense growth during the last decade. This review takes stock of the recent advances in research pertaining to different aspects of tribology within the last 2 to 3 years. Different aspects of tribology that have been reviewed including lubrication, wear and surface engineering, biotribology, high temperature tribology, and computational tribology. This review attempts to highlight recent research and also presents future outlook pertaining to these aspects. It may however be noted that there are limitations of this review. One of the most important of these is that tribology being a highly multidisciplinary field, the research results are widely spread across various disciplines and there can be omissions because of this. Secondly, the topics dealt with in the field of tribology include only some of the salient topics (such as lubrication, wear, surface engineering, biotribology, high temperature tribology, and computational tribology) but there are many more aspects of tribology that have not been covered in this review. Despite these limitations it is hoped that such a review will bring the most recent salient research in focus and will be beneficial for the growing community of tribology researchers.

/pdf/a-review-of-recent-advances-in-tribology-48dk6nml6e.pdf

A review of recent advances in tribology

Thin Friction The rubbing motion between two surfaces is always hindered by friction, which is caused by continuous contacting and attraction between the surfaces. These interactions may only occur over a distance of a few nanometers, but what happens when the interacting materials are only that thick? Lee et al. (p. 76; see the Perspective by Müser and Shakhvorostov) explored the frictional properties of a silicon tip in contact with four atomically thin quasi–two dimensional materials with different electrical properties. For all the materials, the friction was seen to increase as the thickness of the film decreased, both for flakes supported by substrates and for regions placed above holes that formed freely suspended membranes. Placing graphene on mica, to which it strongly adheres, suppressed this trend. For these thin, weakly adhered films, out-of-plane buckling is likely to dominate the frictional response, which leads to this universal behavior. A universal trend is observed for the friction properties of thin films on weakly adhering substrates. Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip-sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS2 exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length–dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets’ increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates.

Frictional Characteristics of Atomically-Thin Sheets

The fundamentals of coating tribology are presented in a generalised holistic approach to friction and wear mechanisms of coated surfaces in dry sliding contacts. This is based on a classification of the tribological contact process into macromechanical, micromechanical, tribochemical contact mechanisms and material transfer. The tribological contact process is dominated by the macromechanical mechanisms, which have been systematically analysed by using four main parameters: the coating-to-substrate hardness relationship, the film thickness, the surface roughnesses and the debris in the contact. The description covers both soft and hard coatings with thicknesses typically in the range 0.1–50 μm, where the interaction between the coating and the substrate is essential to the tribological behaviour. The concept is supported by experimental observations. The important influence of thin tribo- and transfer layers formed during the sliding action is shown. Optimal surface design both regarding friction and wear can be achieved by new multilayer techniques giving reduced stresses, improved adhesion to substrate, more flexible coatings and harder and smoother surfaces. The differences in contact mechanisms in dry, water- and oil lubricated contacts with coated surfaces is illustrated by experimental results from diamond-like coatings sliding against a steel ball. The mechanisms of the formation of dry transfer- and tribolayers and lubricated boundary and reaction films are discussed.

Tribology of thin coatings

In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of water metals and oxides at ambient conditions Ev Vi si ua t w tio ww n Ed .a ct itio iv n eP of DF ac .c tiv om eP DF fo rm So or ftw e d e ar ta e. ils on S Yamamoto 1 , H Bluhm 2 , K Andersson 1,3,6 , G Ketteler 4,7 , H Ogasawara 1 , M Salmeron 4,5 and A Nilsson 1,3 Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O.B. 20450, Stanford, CA 94309, USA. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. E-mail: nilsson@slac.stanford.edu Running head: In-Situ XPS studies of water on metals and oxides at ambient conditions Present address: Center for Individual Nanoparticle Functionality (CINF), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 312, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Present address: Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden. Abstract . X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful tool for surface and interface analysis, providing the elemental composition of surfaces and the local chemical environment of adsorbed species. Conventional XPS experiments have been limited to ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions due to a short mean free path of electrons in a gas phase. The recent advances in instrumentation coupled with third-generation synchrotron radiation sources enables in-situ XPS measurements at pressures above 5 Torr. In this review, we describe the basic design of the ambient pressure XPS setup that combines differential pumping with an electrostatic focusing. We present examples of the application of in-situ XPS to studies of water adsorption on the surface of metals and oxides including Cu(110), Cu(111), TiO 2 (110) under environmental conditions of water vapor pressure. On all these surfaces we observe a al general trend where hydroxyl groups form first, followed by molecular water adsorption. The importance of surface OH groups and their hydrogen bonding to water molecules in water adsorption on surfaces is discussed in detail.

In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of water on metals and oxides at ambient conditions

Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets toward high-performance corrosion inhibitor for epoxy coating

Towards high-performance additive of Ti3C2/graphene hybrid with a novel wrapping structure in epoxy coating

High-performance lubricant additives based on modified graphene oxide by ionic liquids

Amino-functionalized Ti3C2Tx with anti-corrosive/wear function for waterborne epoxy coating

A continuing desire exists to explore graphene as a lubricant additive and increase the performance of oil/grease products in efforts to acquire a fundamental knowledge of its tribology. As compared to graphite and ionic liquid, multilayer graphene (MLG) as a bentone lubricating grease additive not only provides lower friction and better wear resistance, but also greatly improves the load-bearing capacities and thermal stability of bentone lubricating grease. These benefits are strongly dependent on the formation of a versatile boundary lubricating film, which is provided by the laminated structure and good adsorption action of MLG on the rubbing surfaces, as well as good dispersion of MLG in grease.

Xiaoqiang Fan

Papers

Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets toward high-performance corrosion inhibitor for epoxy coating

Towards high-performance additive of Ti3C2/graphene hybrid with a novel wrapping structure in epoxy coating

High-performance lubricant additives based on modified graphene oxide by ionic liquids

Amino-functionalized Ti3C2Tx with anti-corrosive/wear function for waterborne epoxy coating

Multilayer Graphene as a Lubricating Additive in Bentone Grease