基礎講座 電気泳動(Electrophoresis)

A Cellular Perspective on Brain Energy Metabolism and Functional Imaging

Ginsenosides are a special group of triterpenoid saponins that can be classified into two groups by the skeleton of their aglycones, namely dammarane‐ and oleanane‐type. Ginsenosides are found nearly exclusively in Panax species (ginseng) and up to now more than 150 naturally occurring ginsenosides have been isolated from roots, leaves/stems, fruits, and/or flower heads of ginseng. Ginsenosides have been the target of a lot of research as they are believed to be the main active principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The potential health effects of ginsenosides that are discussed in this chapter include anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects as well as antistress activity and effects on the central nervous system. Ginsensoides can be metabolized in the stomach (acid hydrolysis) and in the gastrointestinal tract (bacterial hydrolysis) or transformed to other ginsenosides by drying and steaming of ginseng to more bioavailable and bioactive ginsenosides. The metabolization and transformation of intact ginsenosides, which seems to play an important role for their potential health effects, are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides are important in relation to quality control of ginseng products and plant material and for the determination of the effects of processing of plant material as well as for the determination of the metabolism and bioavailability of ginsenosides. Analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides that are described in this chapter are thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with various detectors, gas chromatography (GC), colorimetry, enzyme immunoassays (EIA), capillary electrophoresis (CE), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and spectrophotometric methods.

Ginsenosides: Chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis and potential health effects

Effect of eluent on the ionization process in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Brain res bull

A diverse array of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators control and affect brain function A profound understanding of the signaling pathways and the neural circuits underlying behavior is therefore likely to require the tracking of concentration changes of active neurochemicals In the present study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a method allowing the simultaneous determination of the concentrations of six neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and aspartate, in the extracellular brain fluid (EBF) We used hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to analyze the EBF from the monkey brain A push-pull sampling method was used to collect EBF from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of conscious monkeys at flow rates in the range of low nL/min The detection limits of acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate and aspartate were 0015,015,03,12, 6 and 15 femtomoles, respectively, allowing us to quantitatively determine the concentrations of these six neurotransmitters simultaneously from 500 nL in vivo samples We conclude that HILIC/MS/MS combined with the push-pull sampling method represents a sensitive technique for simultaneous monitoring of neurotransmitters from EBF samples Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/rcm.3251

Capillary hydrophilic interaction chromatography/mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of multiple neurotransmitters in primate cerebral cortex.

Potential biomarkers of Parkinson's disease revealed by plasma metabolic profiling

A new HPLC-APCI/MS method for the identification of ginsenosides has been developed. The analyses were performed on a reversed-phase C18 column using a binary eluent (acetonitrile and water) under gradient conditions. Although APCI is a high-temperature evaporative process, HPLC-APCI/MS could effectively identify thermo-labile ginsenosides. The [M-H]- ions and the thermal degradation ions of ginsenosides could be clearly observed under negative and positive ion conditions, respectively, and these were used to identify the molecular masses, the aglycone structures and the sugar groups of ginsenosides. APCI/MS can provide more explicit information than ESI/MS for identifying and distinguishing ginsenosides. Using the HPLC-APCI/MS method, 35 ginsenosides were identified in Panax ginseng.

Identification of ginsenosides in roots of Panax ginseng by HPLC‐APCI/MS

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1016/j.jasms.2003.09.014.pdf

Xiaozhe Zhang

Papers

Capillary hydrophilic interaction chromatography/mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of multiple neurotransmitters in primate cerebral cortex.

Potential biomarkers of Parkinson's disease revealed by plasma metabolic profiling

Identification of ginsenosides in roots of Panax ginseng by HPLC‐APCI/MS

Direct characterization of bitter acids in a crude hop extract by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Iridoid glucosides from Strychnos nux-vomica