A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

As a carrier of deformation information, the speckle pattern, or more exactly the random intensity distributions, which could be naturally occurred or artificially fabricated onto test samples’ surface, plays an indispensable role in digital image correlation (DIC). It is now well recognized that the accuracy and precision in DIC measurements not only rely on correlation algorithms, but also depend highly on the quality of the speckle pattern. Considering the huge diversity in test materials, spatial scales and experimental conditions, speckle pattern fabrication could be a challenging issue facing DIC practitioners. To obtain good speckle patterns suitable for DIC measurements, some key issues of fabrication methods and quality assessment of speckle patterns must be well addressed. To this end, this review systematically presents the speckle pattern classification and fabrication techniques for various samples and scales, as well as some typical quality assessment metrics.

A Review of Speckle Pattern Fabrication and Assessment for Digital Image Correlation

Recent progress of residual stress measurement methods: A review

A review of non-destructive testing on wind turbines blades

A method of the direct measurement of the true stress–strain curve over a large strain range using multi-camera digital image correlation

Composite materials have seen widespread use in the aerospace industry and are becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry due to their high strength and low weight characteristics. The increasing usage of composite materials has resulted in the need for more effective techniques for nondestructive testing (NDT) of composite structures. Of these techniques, digital shearography is one the most sensitive and accurate methods for NDT. Digital shearography can directly measure strain with high sensitivity when combined with different optical setups, phase-shift techniques, and algorithms. Its simple setup and less sensitivity to environmental disturbances make it particularly well suited for practical NDT applications. This paper provides a review of the phase measurement technique and recent developments in digital shearographic NDT. The introduction of new techniques has expanded the range of digital shearography applications and made it possible to measure larger fields and detect more directional or deeper defects. At the same time, shearography for different materials is also under research, including specular surface materials, metallic materials, etc. Through the discussion of recent developments, the future development trend of digital shearography is analyzed, and the potentials and limitations are demonstrated.

Digital Shearography for NDT: Phase Measurement Technique and Recent Developments

Three dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) has been widely used by industry to measure the 3D contour and whole-field displacement/strain. In this paper, a novel single color camera 3D-DIC setup, using a reflection-based pseudo-stereo system, is proposed. Compared to the conventional single camera pseudo-stereo system, which splits the CCD sensor into two halves to capture the stereo views, the proposed system achieves both views using the whole CCD chip and without reducing the spatial resolution. In addition, similarly to the conventional 3D-DIC system, the center of the two views stands in the center of the CCD chip, which minimizes the image distortion relative to the conventional pseudo-stereo system. The two overlapped views in the CCD are separated by the color domain, and the standard 3D-DIC algorithm can be utilized directly to perform the evaluation. The system’s principle and experimental setup are described in detail, and multiple tests are performed to validate the system.

3D digital image correlation using single color camera pseudo-stereo system

A novel 3D digital image correlation (DIC) system based on a single three charge-couple device (3CCD) color camera is proposed in this paper. Images from three different perspectives are captured by a 3CCD camera using a reflective-based pseudo-vision system. These images are then separated by the different CCD channels, and the correlation algorithm for the multi-camera DIC system is adopted to evaluate the images. Compared to the conventional multi-camera DIC system, the proposed system is much more compact. In addition, the proposed system has no loss of spatial resolution, compares to the traditional single camera DIC system. The complex surface measurement ability and the measurement accuracy is significantly improved through the use of the multi-camera DIC algorithm. The principle of the proposed system is described in detail as well as the experimental setup. A series of validation tests are performed, and the results are verified with the commercial 3D-DIC system.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11431-017-9101-8.pdf

Multi-perspective digital image correlation method using a single color camera

This paper presents a Double Imaging Mach–Zehnder Spatial Carrier Digital Shearography (DIM-SCDS) system. Compared to traditional Spatial Carrier Mach–Zehnder shearography, DIM-SCDS has two advanta...

Double Imaging Mach–Zehnder Spatial Carrier Digital Shearography

Because the sensitivity of shearography is determined by its shearing direction, aeolotropic defects could be difficult to detect in nondestructive testing (NDT) using a digital shearography system with a single shearing direction. We report an adjustable aperture multiplexing spatial phase-shift digital shearography system for simultaneous measurement of displacement derivatives in three directions. By setting the aperture parameters properly, three spatial carrier frequencies are produced within the speckle pattern, and the information of three interferograms can be separated in the frequency domain. Phase maps of the three shearograms can be obtained by applying a windowed inverse Fourier transform, which enables simultaneous measurement of the displacement derivative. The system is suitable for NDT with a dynamic load. The capability of the triple-directional spatial phase-shift digital shearography system is described by theoretical discussions as well as experiments.

Xizuo Dan

Papers

Digital Shearography for NDT: Phase Measurement Technique and Recent Developments

3D digital image correlation using single color camera pseudo-stereo system

Multi-perspective digital image correlation method using a single color camera

Double Imaging Mach–Zehnder Spatial Carrier Digital Shearography

Spatial phase-shift digital shearography for simultaneous measurements in three shearing directions based on adjustable aperture multiplexing