Dynamic compressive behaviour of cellular materials: A review of phenomenon, mechanism and modelling

Digital image correlation is a measurement technique that allows one to retrieve displacement ¯elds \separating" two digital images of the same sample at di®erent stages of loading. Because of its remarkable sensitivity, it is not only possible to detect cracks with sub-pixel opening, which would not be visible, but also to provide accurate estimates of stress intensity factors. For this purpose suitable tools have been devised to minimize the sensitivity to noise. Working with digital images allows the experimentalist to deal with a wide range of scales from atomistic to geophysical one with the same tools. Various examples are shown at di®erent scales, as well as some recent extensions to three dimensional cracks based on X-ray Computed micro-tomographic images.

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Digital image correlation and fracture: an advanced technique for estimating stress intensity factors of 2D and 3D cracks

Sandwich panels consisting of a highly porous aluminium foam core and aluminium alloy face sheets are manufactured by roll-bonding aluminium alloy sheets to a densified mixture of metal powders – usually Al-Si or Al-Si-Cu alloys with 6–8% Si and 3–10% Cu – and titanium hydride, and foaming the resulting three-layer structure by a thermal treatment. We review the various processing steps of aluminium foam sandwich (AFS) and the metallurgical processes during foaming, compare the process to alternative ways to manufacture AFS, e.g. by adhesive bonding, and give an overview of the available literature. Two ways to treat AFS after foaming are presented, namely forging and age-hardening. Some current and potential applications are described and the market potential of AFS is assessed.

Aluminium Foam Sandwich Panels: Manufacture, Metallurgy and Applications

A review on functionally graded structures and materials for energy absorption

Different from conventional materials, materials with negative Poisson's ratios expand laterally when stretched longitudinally. Known as ‘auxetic’ materials, the effect means they possess particularly fascinating properties, which have recently attracted considerable attention in the literature. A range of auxetic materials has been discovered, theoretically designed and fabricated. Developments in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques enable fabrication of materials with intricate cellular architectures. This paper outlines recent progress in the development of auxetic materials and structures, and their mechanical properties under quasi-static and dynamic loading are analysed and summarised. Limited experimental studies on 3D printed auxetic materials and structures are given more attention, ahead of extensively finite element (FE) simulations. A special focus is dedicated to their large, plastic deformation behaviour and energy absorption performance, which should be stressed in their engineering applications; no review paper has yet been found regarding this. Finally, this paper provides an overview of current study limitations, and some future research is envisaged in terms of auxetic materials and structures, nano-auxetics and additive manufacturing.

Large deformation and energy absorption of additively manufactured auxetic materials and structures: A review

This paper aims at showing experimental proof of the existence of a shock front in cellular structures under impact loading, especially at low critical impact velocities around 50 m/s. First, an original testing procedure using a large diameter Nylon Hopkinson bar is introduced. With this large diameter soft Hopkinson bar, tests under two different configurations (pressure bar behind/ahead of the supposed shock front) at the same impact speed are used to obtain the force/time histories behind and ahead of the assumed shock front within the cellular material specimen. Stress jumps (up to 60% of initial stress level) as well as shock front speed are measured for tests at 55 m/s on Alporas foams and nickel hollow sphere agglomerates, whereas no significant shock enhancement is observed for Cymat foams and 5056 aluminium honeycombs. The corresponding rate sensitivity of the studied cellular structures is also measured and it is proven that it is not responsible for the sharp strength enhancement. A photomechanical measurement of the shock front speed is also proposed to obtain a direct experimental proof. The displacement and strain fields during the test are obtained by correlating images shot with a high speed camera. The strain field measurements at different times show that the shock front discontinuity propagates and allows for the measurement of the propagation velocity. All the experimental evidences enable us to confirm the existence of a shock front enhancement even at quite low impact velocities for a number of studied materials.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199385/document

Shock enhancement of cellular structures under impact loading: Part I Experiments

Numerical simulations of two distinct testing configurations using a Hopkinson bar (pressure bar behind/ahead of the shock front) are performed with an explicit finite element code. It allows us to confirm the observed test data such as velocity and force time histories at the measurement surface. A comparison of the simulated local strain fields during shock front propagation with those measured by image correlation provides an additional proof of the validity of such simulations. Very simple rate insensitive phenomenological constitutive model are used in such simulations. It shows that the shock effect is captured numerically with a basic densification feature. It means that strength enhancement due to shock should not be integrated in the constitutive model of foam-like materials used in industrial FE codes. In order to separate shock enhancement from entire strength enhancement, an improvement of an existing model with easily identifiable parameters for shock enhancement prediction is proposed. For a quick estimate of the shock enhancement level, a simple power law densification model is proposed instead of the classical RPPL model proposed by Reid and co-workers [Tan et al., 2005. Dynamic compressive strength properties of aluminium foams. Part I—experimental data and observations. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53, 2174–2205]. It is aimed at eliminating the parameter identification uncertainty of the RPPL model. Such an improved model is easily identifiable and gives a good prediction of the shock enhancement level.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199386/document

Shock enhancement of cellular structures under impact loading: Part II analysis

Numerical and experimental design of graded cellular sandwich cores for multi-functional aerospace applications

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443066/document

Impact behaviour of hollow sphere agglomerates with density gradient

This paper reports an original inverse perforation tests on foam core sandwich panels under impact loading. The key point is the use of an instrumented Hopkinson pressure bar as a perforator and at the same time a measuring device. It aims at a high quality piercing force record during the whole perforation process, which is a lack of common free-flying projectile - target testing schemes. This new testing arrangement allows for the measurement of piercing force-displacement curves under quasi-static and impact loadings of sandwich samples, which is made of 40 mm AlSi7Mg0.5 Cymat foam cores and 0.8 mm thick 2024 T3 aluminium sheet as top and bottom skins. Compared with quasi-static top skin peak loads (the maximal load before the perforation of top skins) obtained under same geometric and clamping conditions and even in the case that the used foam core (Cymat) and aluminium skin sheet are known and have been confirmed rate insensitive, a significant enhancement under impact loading (25%) of the top skin peak load is found.

Y. Girard

Papers

Shock enhancement of cellular structures under impact loading: Part I Experiments

Shock enhancement of cellular structures under impact loading: Part II analysis

Numerical and experimental design of graded cellular sandwich cores for multi-functional aerospace applications

Impact behaviour of hollow sphere agglomerates with density gradient

Perforation of aluminium foam core sandwich panels under impact loading