The intensive research in the fifth generation (5G) technology is a clear indication of technological revolution to meet the ever-increasing demand and needs for high speed communication as well as Internet of Thing (IoT) based applications. The timely upgradation in 5G technology standards is released by third generation partnership project (3GPP) which enables the researchers to refine the research objectives and contribute towards the development. The 5G technology will be supported by not only smartphones but also different IoT devices to provide different services like smart building, smart city, and many more which will require a 5G antenna with low latency, low path loss, and stable radiation pattern. This paper provides a comprehensive study of different antenna designs considering various 5G antenna design aspects like compactness, efficiency, isolation, etc. This review paper elaborates the state-of-the-art research on the different types of antennas with their performance enhancement techniques for 5G technology in recent years. Also, this paper precisely covers 5G specifications and categorization of antennas followed by a comparative analysis of different antenna designs. Till now, many 5G antenna designs have been proposed by the different researchers, but an exhaustive review of different types of 5G antenna with their performance enhancement method is not yet done. So, in this paper, we have attempted to explore the different types of 5G antenna designs, their performance enhancement techniques, comparison, and future breakthroughs in a holistic way.

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Fifth Generation Antennas: A Comprehensive Review of Design and Performance Enhancement Techniques

Dual-sensing and dual-frequency microwave SRR sensor for liquid samples permittivity detection

In order to design a microstrip patch antenna at first the designer is to select the substrate material and it’s thickness. So, if the designer has a clear conception about the effect of changing substrate material and it’s thickness on the performance of the antenna, it will be easier to design an antenna. Appropriate selection of dielectric material and it’s thickness is an important task for designing a microstrip patch antenna. This paper represents that how antenna performance changes when we vary substrate material and it’s thickness. The designed inset feed rectangular microstrip patch antenna operates at 2.4GHz (ISM band).

https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajnc.20150403.16.pdf

The Effect of Changing Substrate Material and Thickness on the Performance of Inset Feed Microstrip Patch Antenna

Evolution of IoT-enabled connectivity and applications in automotive industry: A review

In this paper, a compact dual-band MIMO antenna array for 5G smartphone applications is proposed. The MIMO antenna consists of eight folded monopole antennas operating at 3.45-GHz band (3300~3600MHz). And the antenna elements with a size of $6.8\times 6.6\times4$ mm3 (about $0.078\lambda \times 0.075\lambda \times 0.046\lambda $ at 3.45 GHz), are disposed along each edge of the system circuit board. By introducing the decoupling structures, the isolation between inner antenna elements is improved from 10dB to 15.1dB in 3.45-GHz band (3300~3600MHz). Meanwhile the inner antenna units can generate an additional operating band covering 2400~2700MHz due to the coupling effect between the antenna elements and the proposed decoupling structures, which is promising for solving the problem of terminal space shortage. To verify the design principle of the proposed MIMO antenna array, the antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured results of efficiency and ECC are analyzed as well to demonstrate the performance of the proposed MIMO array. Channel capacity, user proximity and SAR analysis and are also given in this paper.

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A Dual-Band MIMO Antenna With Enhanced Isolation for 5G Smartphone Applications

A two-element super-wideband (SWB) MIMO antenna is proposed in this study. A step impedance microstrip feed line structure is introduced to achieve an SWB impedance bandwidth of 185%. This antenna is designed to be circularly polarised at 1.575 GHz (L
 1
-band) and 26.0 GHz (K-band) by using closed ring resonator on the radiating patch. The EBG structures are used to improve FBR in lower (1.5-5 GHz) and higher bands (25-35 GHz). The proposed antenna is designed with compact size 55.6 × 50.5 × 1.6 mm
 3
 on FR-4 substrate including exotic diversity performance. This MIMO antenna is suitable for defence and handheld devices covering GPS/DCS/PCS/UMTS/Wi-BRO/ISM/IRNSS/LTE (M/HB)/BLUETOOTH/IoT/WiMAX/X/Ku/K/Ka-band and it is also suitable for 5G (sub-6 GHz/mm) applications with channel capacity of 11.34 bps/Hz. Simulated results of MIMO antenna like radiated power-based ECC and diversity parameters are also verified experimentally, which are in the acceptable range. Finally, this antenna is tested in a realistic environment for SAR application.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-map.2019.0450

High diversity gain super-wideband single band-notch MIMO antenna for multiple wireless applications

In this article, a dual-band microwave sensor using a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is presented that determines the concentration of any liquid bi-mixture like water in ethanol and urea in whole milk. The proposed sensor is unique as it is designed, simulated and fabricated using a single-metamaterial cell structure to operate at dual frequency, i.e. 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz using an industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. The sensor is fabricated on FR4 substrate using a typical photolithography technique, and simulated results are in agreement with the measured results. Investigation of the sensing mechanism for impurity concentration (i.e. water in ethanol or urea in milk) is performed by placing the sample mixture in the pipette placed across from the sensor. As microwave sensors respond to the change in the dielectric constant of the nearby materials, when the liquid mixture concentration varies, there is shifting in the resonant frequency at which the sensor is designed. The proposed sensor is unique due to dual-band resonance, reusability, compactness (12 mm × 20 mm), low cost, noninvasiveness, nondestructiveness, and a user-friendly approach.

Dual-Band Microwave Sensor for Investigation of Liquid Impurity Concentration Using a Metamaterial Complementary Split-Ring Resonator

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Compact printed high rejection triple band-notch UWB antenna with multiple wireless applications

High Isolation and High Gain Super-Wideband (0.33-10 THz) MIMO Antenna for THz Applications

In this paper, a vase-shaped monopole antenna is presented for dual band notch (WiMAX IEEE802.16 3.30–3.80 GHz with C-band 3.80–4.20 GHz and WLAN IEEE802.11a/h/j/n 5.15–5.35 GHz, 5.25–5.35 GHz, 5.47–5.725 GHz, 5.725–5.825 GHz) UWB and other wireless services (close range radar: 8–12 GHz in X-band & satellite communication: 12–18 GHz in Ku-band). Measured VSWR of proposed antenna shows a high band-rejection for WiMAX along with C-band with VSWR = 25.33 at 3.77 GHz and WLAN with VSWR = 6.0 at 5.64 GHz is achieved by cutting two C-shaped slots on the radiating patch. Designed antenna covers a wide usable fractional bandwidth 160% (2.58–20.39 GHz). Furthermore, the measured gain of antenna is relatively stable across the impedance bandwidth except band-notched. In addition, antenna offers omni-directional pattern, reasonably small 20 × 20 × 0.787 mm3 and easy to construct structure.

Y. K. Awasthi

Papers

High diversity gain super-wideband single band-notch MIMO antenna for multiple wireless applications

Dual-Band Microwave Sensor for Investigation of Liquid Impurity Concentration Using a Metamaterial Complementary Split-Ring Resonator

Compact printed high rejection triple band-notch UWB antenna with multiple wireless applications

High Isolation and High Gain Super-Wideband (0.33-10 THz) MIMO Antenna for THz Applications

Planar high rejection dual band-notch UWB antenna with X & Ku-bands wireless applications