Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes

Spectrofluorimetric measurements on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) isolated in aqueous surfactant suspensions have revealed distinct electronic absorption and emission transitions for more than 30 different semiconducting nanotube species. By combining these fluorimetric results with resonance Raman data, each optical transition has been mapped to a specific (n,m) nanotube structure. Optical spectroscopy can thereby be used to rapidly determine the detailed composition of bulk SWNT samples, providing distributions in both tube diameter and chiral angle. The measured transition frequencies differ substantially from simple theoretical predictions. These deviations may reflect combinations of trigonal warping and excitonic effects.

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Structure-Assigned Optical Spectra of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are unique tubular structures of nanometer diameter and large length/diameter ratio. The nanotubes may consist of one up to tens and hundreds of concentric shells of carbons with adjacent shells separation of ∼0.34 nm. The carbon network of the shells is closely related to the honeycomb arrangement of the carbon atoms in the graphite sheets. The amazing mechanical and electronic properties of the nanotubes stem in their quasi-one-dimensional (1D) structure and the graphite-like arrangement of the carbon atoms in the shells. Thus, the nanotubes have high Young’s modulus and tensile strength, which makes them preferable for composite materials with improved mechanical properties. The nanotubes can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structural parameters. This opens the ways for application of the nanotubes as central elements in electronic devices including field-effect transistors (FET), single-electron transistors and rectifying diodes. Possibilities for using of the nanotubes as high-capacity hydrogen storage media were also considered. This report is intended to summarize some of the major achievements in the field of the carbon nanotube research both experimental and theoretical in connection with the possible industrial applications of the nanotubes.

Carbon nanotubes: properties and application

Carbon nanotubes exhibit many unique intrinsic physical and chemical properties and have been intensively explored for biological and biomedical applications in the past few years. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the main results from our and other groups in this field and clarify that surface functionalization is critical to the behavior of carbon nanotubes in biological systems. Ultrasensitive detection of biological species with carbon nanotubes can be realized after surface passivation to inhibit the non-specific binding of biomolecules on the hydrophobic nanotube surface. Electrical nanosensors based on nanotubes provide a label-free approach to biological detection. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes opens up a method of protein microarray with detection sensitivity down to 1 fmol/L. In vitro and in vivo toxicity studies reveal that highly water soluble and serum stable nanotubes are biocompatible, nontoxic, and potentially useful for biomedical applications. In vivo biodistributions vary with the functionalization and possibly also size of nanotubes, with a tendency to accumulate in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), including the liver and spleen, after intravenous administration. If well functionalized, nanotubes may be excreted mainly through the biliary pathway in feces. Carbon nanotube-based drug delivery has shown promise in various In vitro and in vivo experiments including delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA), paclitaxel and doxorubicin. Moreover, single-walled carbon nanotubes with various interesting intrinsic optical properties have been used as novel photoluminescence, Raman, and photoacoustic contrast agents for imaging of cells and animals. Further multidisciplinary explorations in this field may bring new opportunities in the realm of biomedicine.

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Carbon Nanotubes in Biology and Medicine: In vitro and in vivo Detection, Imaging and Drug Delivery

The Element Carbon Frank Hennrich, Valerie Moore, Marco Rolandi, and Mike O'Connell Allotropes of Carbon History Structure Progress of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Research toward Application References Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes David Mann Introduction CNT Synthesis Methods Overview Specifics of CVD Growth Method Recent Advances in SWCNT Growth Control Conclusion References Carbon Nanotube Peapod Materials Satishkumar B. Chikkannanavar, Brian W. Smith, and David E. Luzzi Introduction and Historical Perspective C60@SWNT Beyond C60: Other Hierarchical Nanotube Materials Ordered Phases of Fullerenes in Larger Nanotubes Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Conclusions and Future Prospects Acknowledgments References Carbon Nanotube Electronics and Devices Marcus Freitag Metallic Carbon Nanotubes Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Outlook and Challenges References Magnetic Properties Junichiro Kono and Stephan Roche Introduction Theoretical Perspectives Experimental Results Acknowledgments References Raman Spectroscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Probing Electronic and Chemical Behavior Stephen K. Doorn, Daniel Heller, Monica Usrey, Paul Barone, and Michael S. Strano Introduction Resonance Raman Studies of Carbon Nanotubes Raman Characterization of Nanotube Samples and Nanotube Reactivity Conclusions References Electromechanical Properties and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes Randal J. Grow Introduction Piezoresistance Theory of Strain-Induced Band-Gap Changes in Carbon Nanotubes Electrical Measurements of Strain-Induced Band-Gap Changes in Suspended Tubes Electrical Measurements of Strain-Induced Band-Gap Changes in Tubes on a Surface Conclusion of Piezoresistance of Nanotubes Electrostatic actuation Nanoelectromechanical systems Conclusion References Carbon Nanotube-Enabled Materials Han Gi Chae, Jing Liu, and Satish Kumar Introduction Dispersion and Processing Issues Characterization of Polymer/CNT Composites CNT Films and Fibers Polymer/CNT Composite Films and Fibers Crystallization, Wrapping, Interaction, and Intercalation Concluding Remarks Acknowledgment References Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Composites Christopher A. Dyke and James M. Tour Introduction SWNT Preparation and Characterization Functionalized SWNTs Carbon Nanotube-Modified Composites Conclusions Acknowledgments References Carbon Nanotube Tips for Scanning Probe Microscopy C. Patrick Collier Carbon nanotubes as AFM probes Fabrication of nanotube probe tips AFM imaging with nanotube probes Applications of carbon nanotube probes Future directions Acknowledgments References Index

Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications

https://staff.aist.go.jp/h-kataura/Kataura-Synth-Met-103-2555.pdf

Optical Properties of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Gas adsorption in the inside and outside of single-walled carbon nanotubes

High-yield fullerene encapsulation in single-wall carbon nanotubes

X-ray diffraction study of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) grown by arc discharge in hydrogen atmosphere is presented. It is found that the thermal-expansion coefficient along the radial direction of MWNT is widely distributed in a range from $1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5} {\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to $2.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5} {\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},$ indicating the existence of both of Russian doll MWNT and highly defective MWNT. Russian doll MWNT is suggested to have the outer diameter less than $\ensuremath{\sim}100 \mathrm{}\mathrm{\AA{}}\mathrm{}.$ Thicker MWNT's are typically highly defective, and may have the jelly roll (scroll) or defective polygonal structure consisting of flat graphite domains.

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Multiwalled carbon nanotubes grown in hydrogen atmosphere : An x-ray diffraction study

We report magnetic susceptibility measurements on a layered superconductor Li048(THF)03HfNCl having Tc approximately 26 K The present study revealed that (a) the Fermi level density of states is small, N*(EF) approximately 025 states/(eV spin fu), (b) mass enhancement is negligible, gamma; approximately 1, (c) electron-phonon coupling is weak, lambda(ep)<<1, (d) exchange enhancement is negligible, 1/(1+F(a)0) approximately 1, and (e) electronic density parameter is large, r(2D)s approximately 103 (ie, low-carrier density) It is difficult to explain the origin of the high Tc in terms of the conventional phonon (BCS) mechanism of superconductivity

https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/1/14265/20141016120910264876/2001PRL_86_5775_1.pdf

Y. Maniwa

Papers

Optical Properties of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Gas adsorption in the inside and outside of single-walled carbon nanotubes

High-yield fullerene encapsulation in single-wall carbon nanotubes

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes grown in hydrogen atmosphere : An x-ray diffraction study

Unconventional Superconductivity in Electron-Doped Layered Li0.48(THF)yHfNCl