Fluorescent and luminescent probes for measurement of oxidative and nitrosative species in cells and tissues: progress, pitfalls, and prospects.

Low molecular weight chelators and phenolic compounds isolated from wood decay fungi and their role in the fungal biodegradation of wood

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0014-5793%2898%2900440-2

Direct evidence of nitric oxide production from bovine aortic endothelial cells using new fluorescence indicators: diaminofluoresceins

Bioimaging of nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide (NO) serves as a messenger for cellular signaling. To visualize NO in living cells, we synthesized a turn-on fluorescent probe for use in combination with microscopy. Unlike existing fluorescent sensors, the construct--a Cu(II) complex of a fluorescein modified with an appended metal-chelating ligand (FL)--directly and immediately images NO rather than a derivative reactive nitrogen species. Using spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods, we established that the mechanism of the reaction responsible for the NO-induced fluorescence involves reduction of the complex to Cu(I) with release of the nitrosated ligand, which occurs irreversibly. We detected NO produced by both constitutive and inducible NO synthases (cNOS and iNOS, respectively) in live neurons and macrophages in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by using the Cu(II)-based imaging agent. Both the sensitivity to nanomolar concentrations of NO and the spatiotemporal information provided by this complex demonstrate its value for numerous biological applications.

Visualization of nitric oxide in living cells by a copper-based fluorescent probe

Fluorometric Determination of Nitric Oxide

Aerobic metabolism provides an organism with a distinct metabolic advantage in that it allows for the complete combustion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, and in the process produces 36 moles of ATP. However, all aerobic organisms pay a price for this metabolic advantage. It is known that during normal metabolism a small but significant flux of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) are produced by the mitochondrial electron transport chain and by a variety of different oxidases. More specialized cells such as erythrocytes may generate even greater amounts of ROMs via the spontaneous autooxidation of important biological substrates such as hemoglobin. Thus, virtually all aerobic organisms possess several different enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD) or SOD-like chelates, catalase and/or peroxidases, as well as a variety of metal binding proteins and low molecular weight antioxidants.

Yan Chen

Papers

Fluorometric Determination of Nitric Oxide

Pathophysiology and Reactive Oxygen Metabolites