The chemistry of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review Particular emphasis is directed toward the synthesis of graphene oxide, as well as its structure Graphene oxide as a substrate for a variety of chemical transformations, including its reduction to graphene-like materials, is also discussed This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material (91 references)

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The chemistry of graphene oxide

http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/48763/1/1-s2.0-S037026931200857X-main.pdf

Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

There is intense interest in graphene in fields such as physics, chemistry, and materials science, among others. Interest in graphene's exceptional physical properties, chemical tunability, and potential for applications has generated thousands of publications and an accelerating pace of research, making review of such research timely. Here is an overview of the synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene and related materials (primarily, graphite oxide and its colloidal suspensions and materials made from them), from a materials science perspective.

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Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Recent years have witnessed many breakthroughs in research on graphene (the first two-dimensional atomic crystal) as well as a significant advance in the mass production of this material. This one-atom-thick fabric of carbon uniquely combines extreme mechanical strength, exceptionally high electronic and thermal conductivities, impermeability to gases, as well as many other supreme properties, all of which make it highly attractive for numerous applications. Here we review recent progress in graphene research and in the development of production methods, and critically analyse the feasibility of various graphene applications.

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A roadmap for graphene

The outstanding electrical, mechanical and chemical properties of graphene make it attractive for applications in flexible electronics. However, efforts to make transparent conducting films from graphene have been hampered by the lack of efficient methods for the synthesis, transfer and doping of graphene at the scale and quality required for applications. Here, we report the roll-to-roll production and wet-chemical doping of predominantly monolayer 30-inch graphene films grown by chemical vapour deposition onto flexible copper substrates. The films have sheet resistances as low as approximately 125 ohms square(-1) with 97.4% optical transmittance, and exhibit the half-integer quantum Hall effect, indicating their high quality. We further use layer-by-layer stacking to fabricate a doped four-layer film and measure its sheet resistance at values as low as approximately 30 ohms square(-1) at approximately 90% transparency, which is superior to commercial transparent electrodes such as indium tin oxides. Graphene electrodes were incorporated into a fully functional touch-screen panel device capable of withstanding high strain.

/pdf/roll-to-roll-production-of-30-inch-graphene-films-for-3syrg1ob8a.pdf

Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes

We report the preparation of large-area graphite papers with thicknesses from 100 μm to more than 1 mm, by the reduction and graphitization of graphite oxide at elevated temperatures The papers can be produced on a size of 20 × 20 cm2 and have a low mass density X-ray diffraction and Raman characterization show that the stacking of graphitic layers in the papers follows the Bernal stacking, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates a carbon purity of above 98 at % in the papers The graphite papers have an electrical conductivity of 2533–4996 S/m and a thermal conductivity of 42–149 W/mK, depending on the thickness When a power input of above 10 W is applied on the paper with a thickness of 98 μm, incandescence is observed, corresponding to a temperature of higher than 1000 °C, which is increased with the input power

Planar lighting from optimized graphite papers made of graphite oxide

The highly repetitive nature of a DRAM cell array requires the failure analyst to perform the tedious task of manually counting and tracking cells in order to locate on the die the position of a failed cell that has been identified through electrical testing. This paper describes a vision-based system that automates the task of cell location without the need for a high-accuracy specimen stage. The algorithm makes use of cross-correlation to track a moving die, and mimics the action that would otherwise be carried out by the SEM operator in locating a cell position.

Automatic DRAM cell location in the SEM

The lithium (Li) metal is one promising anode for next generation high-energy-density batteries, but the large stress fluctuation and the nonuniform Li deposition upon cycling result in a highly unstable interface of the Li anode. Herein, a simple yet facile engineering of the elastic interface on the Li metal anodes is designed by inserting a melamine sponge between Li and the separator. Driven by the good elasticity of the sponge, the modified Li anode maintains a Coulombic efficiency of 98.8% for 60 cycles and is cyclable at 10 mA cm-2 for 250 cycles, both with a high capacity of 10 mA h cm-2. We demonstrate that the sponge can be used to replace the conventional polypropylene as a porous yet elastic separator, showing superior cycling and rate performance as well. In addition to the efficiency of the elastic interface on the cycling stability, which is further confirmed by an in situ compression-electrochemistry measurement, the porous structure and polar groups of the sponge demonstrate an ability of regulating the transport of Li ions, leading to a uniform deposition of Li and the suppression of Li dendrites in cycling.

/pdf/a-sponge-driven-elastic-interface-for-lithium-metal-anodes-2prawv4cpq.pdf

A Sponge-Driven Elastic Interface for Lithium Metal Anodes.

A porous graphene nanosheet, with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of up to ∼3100 m2 g−1, is prepared by using chemical activation of microwave exfoliated graphite oxide The sp2-bonded carbon has a continuous three-dimensional network of highly curved atom-thick walls with ∼1 to 5 nm width pores As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, it can deliver a reversible specific capacity of ~1600 mA h g−1 at the current of 100 mA g−1 To understand the Li storage mechanism, porous carbon samples with tunable specific surface area were investigated The high reversible capacity indicates that the meso- and micropores are the key factor for Li insertion/extraction during discharging and charging The porous structure and large specific surface area is believed to have contributed to the high performance

Porous three-dimensional activated microwave exfoliated graphite oxide as an anode material for lithium ion batteries

Three kinds of nanosilicon crystallites were prepared by different methods in high vacuum. All of them were composed of tiny silicon crystallites which were initially only mildly oxidized before annealing, but their behavior upon annealing in vacuum differed substantially depending on the environment in which they resided. XPS analyses revealed that the unencapsulated nanoparticles tended to oxidize quite quickly, whereas the nanoparticles sandwiched between layers of Al2O3 matrices were oxidized rather slowly even under intense annealing. In the zinc/silicon nanocrystalline mixture, the oxidation of the Si0 state was even faster than that of the intermediate Si+1,+2,+3 states. Both the stability and formation processes of the Si-O bonds in the partially oxidized states differed considerably with different environmental surroundings. However, in all cases, the Si-O bonds of the fully oxidized Si+4 state remained the most stable, to which the less oxidized states tend to gravitate eventually.

Yanwu Zhu

Papers

Planar lighting from optimized graphite papers made of graphite oxide

Automatic DRAM cell location in the SEM

A Sponge-Driven Elastic Interface for Lithium Metal Anodes.

Porous three-dimensional activated microwave exfoliated graphite oxide as an anode material for lithium ion batteries

Dependence of thermal oxidation behavior of silicon nanocrystallites