Review of Charged Particle Dynamics. Beam Optics and Focusing Systems Without Space Charge. Linear Beam Optics with Space Charge. Self-Consistent Theory of Beams. Emittance Variation. Beam Physics Research from 1993 to 2007. Appendices. List of Frequently Used Symbols. Bibliography. Index.

Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams

Science and technologies based on terahertz frequency electromagnetic radiation (100 GHz–30 THz) have developed rapidly over the last 30 years. For most of the 20th Century, terahertz radiation, then referred to as sub-millimeter wave or far-infrared radiation, was mainly utilized by astronomers and some spectroscopists. Following the development of laser based terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in the 1980s and 1990s the field of THz science and technology expanded rapidly, to the extent that it now touches many areas from fundamental science to 'real world' applications. For example THz radiation is being used to optimize materials for new solar cells, and may also be a key technology for the next generation of airport security scanners. While the field was emerging it was possible to keep track of all new developments, however now the field has grown so much that it is increasingly difficult to follow the diverse range of new discoveries and applications that are appearing. At this point in time, when the field of THz science and technology is moving from an emerging to a more established and interdisciplinary field, it is apt to present a roadmap to help identify the breadth and future directions of the field. The aim of this roadmap is to present a snapshot of the present state of THz science and technology in 2017, and provide an opinion on the challenges and opportunities that the future holds. To be able to achieve this aim, we have invited a group of international experts to write 18 sections that cover most of the key areas of THz science and technology. We hope that The 2017 Roadmap on THz science and technology will prove to be a useful resource by providing a wide ranging introduction to the capabilities of THz radiation for those outside or just entering the field as well as providing perspective and breadth for those who are well established. We also feel that this review should serve as a useful guide for government and funding agencies.

The 2016 terahertz science and technology roadmap

Bibliometric data set the scene by illustrating the growth of terahertz work and the present interest in terahertz science and technology. After locating terahertz sources within the broader context of terahertz systems, an overview is given of the range of available sources, emphasizing recent developments. The focus then narrows to terahertz sources that rely on surface phenomena. Three are highlighted. Optical rectification, usually thought of as a bulk process, may in addition exhibit a surface contribution, which, in some cases, predominates. Transient surface currents, for convenience often separated into drift and diffusion currents, are well understood according to Monte Carlo modelling. Finally, terahertz surface emission by mechanical means—in the absence of photoexcitation—is described.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/47/37/374001/pdf

A review of terahertz sources

This paper presents a comprehensive theory of the cyclotron resonance maser (CRM) interaction in a circular waveguide. The kinetic theory is used to derive the dispersion relationships for both TE and TM modes. The TE mode case has been investigated by several authors, but there has been comparatively little work on the TM mode case. However, the TM mode interaction competes effectively with the TE mode interaction at relativistic electron energies. The conditions for maximum temporal and spatial growth rates are shown. The TM mode growth rates are found to vanish when the RF wave group velocity equals the beam axial velocity (‘grazing incidence’). The single particle theory is used to derive a compact set of self-consistent non-linear equations for the TE and TM mode interactions. These equations are particularly appropriate for the cyclotron auto-resonance maser (CARM) regime but applicability extends to other regimes as well. The conditions for optimum efficiency are investigated for oscillator and amp...

Linear and nonlinear theory of the Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance maser based on TE and TM waveguide modes

We report on hot test measurements of a wide-bandwidth, 220-GHz sheet beam traveling wave tube amplifier developed under the Defense advanced research projects agency (DARPA) HiFIVE program. Nano-computer numerical control (CNC) milling techniques were employed for the precision fabrication of double vane, half-period staggered interaction structures achieving submicrometer tolerances and nanoscale surface roughness. A multilayer diffusion bonding technique was implemented to complete the structure demonstrating wide bandwidth (>50 GHz) with an insertion loss of about −5 dB achieved during transmission measurements of the circuit. The sheet beam electron gun utilized nanocomposite scandate tungsten cathodes that provided over 438-A/cm2 current density in the 12.5:1 ratio sheet beam. An InP HBT-based monolithic microwave integrated circuit preamplifier was employed for TWT gain measurements in the stable amplifier operation region. In the wide-bandwidth operation mode (for gun voltage of 20.9 kV), a gain of over 24 dB was measured over the frequency range of 207–221 GHz. In the high-gain operation mode (for gun voltage of 21.8 kV), over 30 dB of gain was measured over the frequency range of 197–202 GHz. High-power tests were conducted employing an extended interaction klystron.

Performance of a Nano-CNC Machined 220-GHz Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier

The Smith-Purcell radiation in an open resonator, with an inverse trapezoid shaped grating, is presented in this paper by a two dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The simulation model supposes that a mono-energetic electron beam passes over the cylindrical diffraction grating with a strong axial magnetic field constraining the electrons to longitudinal motion. The simulation results indicate that the cavity with inverse trapezoid shaped groove grating has higher output power and lower operating frequency than the one with rectangle shaped groove grating, when the other geometric dimensions of this structure are fixed.

Simulation of Smith-Purcell radiation in an open resonator with inverse trapezoid grating

In this paper, a way to match the second symmetric mode of double-grid slow wave structure designed for a practical 1-THz terahertz backward wave oscillator is presented. Simulation results show that the return loss is less than -15 dB, and the insertion loss is about -4 dB in the 50-GHz operating bandwidth.

A Way to Match the Second Symmetric Mode of Double-Grid Slow Wave Structure for Terahertz BWO

A 0.65 THz traveling-wave tube was designed based upon truncated sine waveguide slow-wave structure. The high frequency characteristics and transmission characteristics are analyzed and calculated by Ansoft High frequency simulation software. We have also studied and simulated the beam-wave interaction of this truncated sine waveguide traveling-wave tube. The results show that the peak output power is 270 mW from 640 GHz to 660 GHz with synchronous voltage of 18.9 kV, operation current of 11 mA and input power of 1.25 mW.

0.65 THz Sheet Beam Traveling-wave Tube Based upon Truncated Sine Waveguide

A novel chamfered-shaped microstrip meander-line slow-wave structure is proposed for D-band traveling-wave tube to decrease the reflection and improve the transmission. The slow-wave electromagnetic characteristics and the beam-wave interaction of this structure are carried out. The high-frequency characteristics show that the interaction impedance of chamfered-shaped MML is larger than that of N-shaped MML and U-shaped MML near the center frequency of 140GHz. The transmission characteristics show that the transmission loss of chamfered-shaped microstrip meander line slow-wave structure is reduced by 0.5dB for 20 periods compared with the N-shaped microstrip meander line slow-wave structure. The simulation results show that TWT with the novel SWS can generate hundreds of watts in the frequency range of 130-150GHz, and the average output power is 578 watts with the corresponding gain of 27.62dB.

A Chamfered-shaped Microstrip Meander Line Slow-wave Structure for D-band Traveling-wave Tube

A W-band traveling-wave tube (TWT) with double-groove loaded folded waveguide structure (FWSWS) has been designed and numerically modelled. The nonlinear performance of such a TWT is investigated by a particle-in-cell code MAGIC3D. Simulation results indicate this TWT produces a saturated electromagnetic power of 170.2 W at 90 GHz, corresponding to 36.9 dB gain and 69.6 mm interaction distance. A comparison between the novel folded waveguide traveling-wave tube (FWTWT) and the conventional one is also carried out to verify the effect of groove loading on the large-signal performance of TWT. Within the same working conditions, the double groove-loaded FWTWT could obtain higher saturated output power and gain in a shorter interaction length. The maximum of output power and gain of this novel TWT is 58.6% and 10% higher than those of the conventional FWTWT, while the 3-dB bandwidth of TWT is reduced to 4 GHz. With the additional advantage of ease of fabrication based on micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies, the double-groove loaded FWSWS is suitable for a millimeter-wave TWT with high power capacity and gain.

Yanyu Wei

Papers

Simulation of Smith-Purcell radiation in an open resonator with inverse trapezoid grating

A Way to Match the Second Symmetric Mode of Double-Grid Slow Wave Structure for Terahertz BWO

0.65 THz Sheet Beam Traveling-wave Tube Based upon Truncated Sine Waveguide

A Chamfered-shaped Microstrip Meander Line Slow-wave Structure for D-band Traveling-wave Tube

Nonlinear investigation of beam-wave interaction in double-groove loaded folded-waveguide traveling-wave tube