The potential reuse of rejects from upstream and downstream process of Mechanical-BiologicalTreatment (MBT) plant for the production refuse derived fuel (RDF) was investigated in the present study. Since, the rejects were characterized with the high calorific values of approximately 21 kJ/kg for upstream process and 29.5 kJ/kg for downstream process, both can be considered for RDF production. Further, heavy metal contents were also not exceeding the European standards for using it as RDF is additional benefit. But, RDF production from upstream process rejects showed maximum energy supply of 3.20 × 106 MJ/d with less ash (11.8%), chlorine (0.6%) and sulfur (0.2%) contents than the downstream process rejects. Among the three potential RDF users surveyed, the cement industries showed positive interest to burn RDF in their cement kiln with the energy supply cost of <2.1 USD/GJ. Few technical, economical and safety barriers were also identified with the RDF end users and potential suggestions were discussed for thriving RDF market in Thailand. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

Purpose
Urbanization and industrialization in China has resulted in a dramatic increase in the volume of wastewater and sewage sludge produced from wastewater treatment plants. Problems associated with sewage sludge have attracted increasing attention from the public and urban planners. How to manage sludge in an economically and environmentally acceptable manner is one of the critical issues that modern societies are facing.

Utilization of urban sewage sludge: Chinese perspectives

Recent development on the uses of alternative fuels in cement manufacturing process

On the production of fired clay bricks from waste materials: A critical update

Kinetic modelling of RDF pyrolysis: Model-fitting and model-free approaches.

Use of boron wastes in the production of heavy clay ceramics

Perspectives for pilot scale study of RDF in Istanbul, Turkey

The authors present an investigation of the development of refuse derived fuel (RDF) materials from nonrecycling wastes and the determination of its potential use as an alternative fuel in cement production RDF produced from municipal solid waste was analyzed and its effects on cement production process were examined The contribution of RDF on clinker production was determined and the produced clinker has been characterized For this purpose, produced RDF was mixed with the main fuel (petrocoke) in different ratios Then chemical and mineralogical analyses of produced clinker were made Emission values were measured during the experiments at an industrial scale rotary cement kiln The results were below the limit values of directives and acceptable in cement industry It is believed that successful results of this study are a good example for municipalities and cement industries in order to achieve both economic and environmental benefits

Development of Refuse Derived Fuel for Cement Factories in Turkey

The usage of refuse derived fuel from urban solid waste in cement industry as an alternative fuel

In this pilot study, exposure to airborne microorganisms in solid recovered fuel (SRF) plants has been measured. Different steps in SRF production processes such as separation and size reduction can cause generation of airborne microorganisms. Exposure to these biological agents can cause some health problems, so their levels should be measured to assess the potential risks. Therefore, exposure to airborne total bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were measured in the running SRF plant. Sample locations were chosen considering work areas and wind direction in the plant. Airborne microorganisms were collected via AES Sampl air Lite on particular agar plates and incubated for microorganism growth. No thermophilic actinomycetes were obtained from the samples. The measured concentrations of mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria were almost similar at each point throughout the SRF plant (ranged from 920 to 1750 CFU/m ) except the spare waste stock area (427 CFU/m ) and the monitoring room (ranged from 420 to 770 CFU/m3). The highest concentrations were measured near the preshredder (1750 CFU/m ) and in the manual sorting unit (1610 CFU/m ). However, the concentrations of Gram-negative bacteria varied at each point (28 to 700 CFU/m ). Fungi concentrations varied from 280 to 1750 CFU/m and were high near the sorting unit, the ballistic separator, the fine shredder, the end-product stock area and the monitoring room (1750 CFU/m ). The concentrations of mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi did not exceed the recommended limit values.

Yasemin Tabak

Papers

Use of boron wastes in the production of heavy clay ceramics

Perspectives for pilot scale study of RDF in Istanbul, Turkey

Development of Refuse Derived Fuel for Cement Factories in Turkey

The usage of refuse derived fuel from urban solid waste in cement industry as an alternative fuel

Assessment of the potential risks of airbone microbial contamination in solid recovered fuel plants: a case study in istanbul