A review of physics and correlations of pool fire behaviour in wind and future challenges

Experimental study of burning rate in hydrocarbon pool fires

Analysis of the geometric and radiative characteristics of hydrocarbon pool-fires

Consequence analysis of large-scale pool fire in oil storage terminal based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD)

A mid-infrared spectrometer was used to measure the thermal radiation spectra within the turbulent flame brush and vapor dome of a 2 m diameter well-controlled pool fire. Fuels used include ethanol, an ethanol/toluene blend, JP-8, and heptane. These unique data provide insight into the relative contributions of soot and gas species emissions to the overall emission. They further assess the impact of absorption of thermal radiation from within the flame zone and the fuel rich region on the incident flux to the fuel pool. In addition, laboratory-scale experiments investigated the spectrally-resolved absorption of thermal radiation by the liquid fuel in the wavelength range of 1.3–4.8 μm, corresponding to the majority of the expected emitted radiation from the fire. The dominant emission in the ethanol fires was from water and carbon dioxide, the products of combustion; while, emission from soot dominated the thermal radiation spectra from the other three fuels. The overall intensity of the thermal radiation reaching the fuel surface for the three soot producing fuels was reduced due to absorption by cold water, carbon dioxide, fuel vapor (due to the C–H bond stretching), and soot. The transmission of thermal radiation through liquid fuel revealed that a significant fraction (>75% for JP-8 and >90% for ethanol) of the thermal radiation that reaches the fuel surface is absorbed within the first 3 mm. All fuels were particularly opaque in the 3.2–3.6 μm range and some fuels (heptane and JP-8) were relatively transparent at wavelengths less than 1.6 μm and from 1.85 to 2.1 μm, where a significant amount of thermal energy exists. These data sets provide a sound basis for assessing the thermal radiation incident upon the fuel surface and suggest the penetration depth of the incident flux through the liquid pool.

Characterization of thermal radiation spectra in 2m pool fires

This paper summarizes the results of large-scale crude oil fire experiments conducted in Tomakomai, Japan, in 1998 to obtain information that could be applied to the development of firefighting strategies for, and the design of, huge petroleum storages. Arabian light-equivalent crude oil was burned in pans 5-, 10-, and 20-m in diameter. Most of the experiments were performed under favorable conditions. Measured data include external radiation, infrared image of the flame, flame temperature, gas concentration inside the flame, and other burning characteristics. The height of the strongest radiant emittance was H/D=0.1 to 0.2, where D=pan diameter and H=height from the initial fuel surface, and a kind of fireball appeared occasionally at the intermittant flame zone. Emitted smoke particles were sampled on the ground and observed with a scanning electron micrograph, and the distribution of the diameters of primary smoke particles was examined. The average diameter of primary smoke particles is 53.0 (±10.5)nm. The dependence of burning characteristics and flame structure on pan diameter is discussed. The flame height of the 20-m diameter pan fire is 1.9 (±0.3) •D. The burning rate increases as the pan diameters increase, but the radiative fraction decreases as pan diameter increases.

Tomakomai Large Scale Crude Oil Fire Experiments (所外発表論文)

Tomakomai Large Scale Crude Oil Fire Experiments

Large-scale boilover experiments using crude oil

A study on large-scale boilover using crude oil containing emulsified water

Burning characteristics of vegetable oils, lubricating oils and fuel oils were obtained by experiments using 90 mm diameter stainless steel pans. In comparison with these burning characteristics, it was found that the flame height and flame radiation and burning rate of vegetable oils were larger than those that were expected from their flash points. Consequently, it was found that once a fire occurs, the danger of its propagation was similar to that of some lubricating oils and C-fuel oil.

Yasutada Natsume

Papers

Tomakomai Large Scale Crude Oil Fire Experiments (所外発表論文)

Tomakomai Large Scale Crude Oil Fire Experiments

Large-scale boilover experiments using crude oil

A study on large-scale boilover using crude oil containing emulsified water

Evaluation of the Burning characteristics of vegetable oils in comparison with fuel and lubricating oils