Yasutaka Mitamura

TL;DR: The present review aims to highlight recent advances in type 2 immunity and discuss the cellular sources, targets, and roles of type 2 mechanisms in asthma and AD.

TL;DR: It is found for the first time that IL-4 and IL-13, signature type 2 cytokines, are able to induce periostin expression and this importance has been expanded into other inflammatory or fibrotic diseases such as scleroderma and pulmonary fibrosis.

TL;DR: The most relevant experimental studies further advancing the understanding of molecular and immune mechanisms with potential new targets for the development of therapeutics are discussed and critical approaches and strategies in asthma treatment linked to mechanisms and endotypes of asthma, particularly biologicals are critically appraised.

TL;DR: Barrier dysfunction is an important feature of atopic dermatitis in which IL‐4 and IL‐13, signature type 2 cytokines, are involved and periostin plays a crucial role in the onset of allergic skin inflammation, including barrier dysfunction.

TL;DR: Factors affecting the planet’s health are discussed in the context of the ‘epithelial barrier hypothesis,’ including climate change, pollution, changes and loss of biodiversity, and the changes in the external exposome in the last few decades and their effects on allergic diseases.