Photocatalysis is a green technology to use ubiquitous and intermittent sunlight. The emerging S-scheme heterojunction has demonstrated its superiority in photocatalysis. This article covers the state-of-the-art progress and provides new insights into its general designing criteria. It starts with the challenges confronted by single photocatalyst from the perspective of energy dissipation by borrowing the common behaviors in the dye molecule. Subsequently, other problems faced by single photocatalyst are summarized. Then a viable solution for these problems is the construction of heterojunctions. To overcome the problems and mistakes of type-II and Z-scheme heterojunctions, S-scheme heterojunction is proposed and the underlying reaction mechanism is summarized. Afterward, the design principles for S-scheme heterojunction are proposed and four types of S-scheme heterojunctions are suggested. Following this, direct characterization techniques for testifying the charge transfer in S-scheme heterojunction are presented. Finally, different photocatalytic applications of S-scheme heterojunctions are summarized. Specifically, this work endeavors to clarify the critical understanding on curved Fermi level in S-scheme heterojunction interface, which can help strengthen and advance the fundamental theories of photocatalysis. Moreover, the current challenges and prospects of the S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst are critically discussed. 

Emerging S‐Scheme Photocatalyst

Cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based photocatalysts have attracted extensive attention owing to their strong visible light absorption, suitable band energy levels, and excellent electronic charge transportation properties. This review focuses on the recent progress related to the design, modification, and construction of CdS-based photocatalysts with excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution performances. First, the basic concepts and mechanisms of photocatalytic H2 evolution are briefly introduced. Thereafter, the fundamental properties, important advancements, and bottlenecks of CdS in photocatalytic H2 generation are presented in detail to provide an overview of the potential of this material. Subsequently, various modification strategies adopted for CdS-based photocatalysts to yield solar H2 are discussed, among which the effective approaches aim at generating more charge carriers, promoting efficient charge separation, boosting interfacial charge transfer, accelerating charge utilization, and suppressing charge-induced self-photocorrosion. The critical factors governing the performance of the photocatalyst and the feasibility of each modification strategy toward shaping future research directions are comprehensively discussed with examples. Finally, the prospects and challenges encountered in developing nanostructured CdS and CdS-based nanocomposites in photocatalytic H2 evolution are presented.

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Nanostructured CdS for efficient photocatalytic H 2 evolution: A review

Biorefinery roadmap based on catalytic production and upgrading 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.202101180

Progress and Perspectives in Photo- and Electrochemical-Oxidation of Biomass for Sustainable Chemicals and Hydrogen Production

A review: Synthesis, modification and photocatalytic applications of ZnIn2S4

To realize highly efficient production of H2 and conversion of biomass-relevant alcohols are hot spots in energy and environmental science. Herein, we have fabricated noble metal-free 2D/2D-3D NiS/Zn3In2S6 hierarchical architecture by one-step method for efficiently visible-light-driven dehydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into H2 and 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) with high selectivity. The separation of photoexcited electrons (e−) and holes (h+) can be promoted in this dual-function photocatalysis process. More importantly, both e− and h+ are involved in the desired conversions, i.e. the generation of H2 and the production of value-added chemicals, respectively. The conversion was favored not only by thermodynamics, but also kinetics. The H2-evolution rate in HMF solution was up to 1090.9 times than in water. Additionally, the DFF selectivity could reach up to 94.1 %. Such designed dual-function photocatalytic system could be more feasible and practical in the perspective of the sustainable and green development.

One-step synthesis of 2D/2D-3D NiS/Zn3In2S6 hierarchical structure toward solar-to-chemical energy transformation of biomass-relevant alcohols

Regulating charge transfer over 3D Au/ZnO hybrid inverse opal toward efficiently photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A and photoelectrochemical water splitting

Yaxiao Wang

Papers

One-step synthesis of 2D/2D-3D NiS/Zn3In2S6 hierarchical structure toward solar-to-chemical energy transformation of biomass-relevant alcohols

Regulating charge transfer over 3D Au/ZnO hybrid inverse opal toward efficiently photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A and photoelectrochemical water splitting

Construction of two-dimensionally relative p-n heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic redox reactions under visible light

Synthesis of BiPO4 by crystallization and hydroxylation with boosted photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in air and water.

Handgrip Strength as a Predictor of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Middle-Aged and Older Population: The TCLSIH and UK Biobank Cohort Studies