There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Following Sharpless' visionary characterization of several idealized reactions as click reactions, the materials science and synthetic chemistry communities have pursued numerous routes toward the identification and implementation of these click reactions. Herein, we review the radical-mediated thiol-ene reaction as one such click reaction. This reaction has all the desirable features of a click reaction, being highly efficient, simple to execute with no side products and proceeding rapidly to high yield. Further, the thiol-ene reaction is most frequently photoinitiated, particularly for photopolymerizations resulting in highly uniform polymer networks, promoting unique capabilities related to spatial and temporal control of the click reaction. The reaction mechanism and its implementation in various synthetic methodologies, biofunctionalization, surface and polymer modification, and polymerization are all reviewed.

Thiol–Ene Click Chemistry

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

A polarization independent optical phase modulator includes two substrates, two electrode layers, two alignment layers, and a liquid crystal layer. Each of alignment layers has first and second alignment regions each having a predetermined width in a transverse direction, which is not greater than a half of the wavelength of an incident light. In the liquid crystal layer, two adjacent ones of liquid crystal elements in the transverse direction are aligned respectively by two adjacent ones of the first and second alignment regions in two predetermined orientations which are orthogonal to each other, thereby permitting phase modulation of the incident light to be independent of the polarization of the incident light.

Polarization-independent liquid crystal phase modulation device

The anisotropic properties of nematic liquid crystals result in polarization dependency which leads to requirement of at least a polarizer in liquid crystal photonic devices. To develop polarizer free phase modulation, Kerr effect is one of the path. The phase modulation in polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) is shown to have two parts: Kerr phase, which is the optical phase modulation linearly proportional to a square of electric field, and orientational phase. However, many puzzles are still under investigation: the origins of Kerr phase, the relation between Kerr phase and orientational phase, and how two-steps of electro-optical (EO) response relates to Kerr phase and orientational phase. We investigated the origins of Kerr phase and orientational phase in PDLC and their connection to two-step EO response. In our study, the Kerr phase is a result of LC orientation in the center of LC droplets. The orientational phase attribute to orientation of LC molecules near LC-polymer interfaces. The two phase in PDLC samples are adjustable depending on droplet size. We also found that two-steps EO response existing in small droplet (<33 nm) is related to Kerr phase and orientational phase. A modified PDLC model related to the Kerr phase and orientational phase is also proposed. Besides the conventional features of PDLC, such as polarization independent optical phase shift and response time independent of cell gap, we believe the Kerr phase and orientational phase with different response times (~ msec) in PDLC pave a way for designing versatile photonic devices with pure optical phase modulation.

Origins of Kerr phase and orientational phase in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal

Abstract In this study, the effect of ITO contact ratio for blue light micro-light-emitting diode (µLED) with dimensions 40 μm × 40 μm was assessed. The contact ratio from 0.2 to 0.8 was designed for the ratio of electrode area to light-emitting area. As the contact ratio increased from 0.2 to 0.8, the turn-on voltage of µLED decreased. It could be due to the short lateral diffusion length in multiple quantum wells (MQW) and lower parallel resistance for the µLED with a large contact ratio. The leakage currents of single µLED were below 5.1 × 10 –9 A, no matter the contact ratio. It means that the contact ratio does not affect the leakage current as measured on single chip. Moreover, µLED array with a 0.8 contact ratio presented the highest output power than other samples (5.25 mW as the current density of 1875 A/cm 2 ). It could attribute to the MQWs usage, the metal contact reflective behavior and less current crowding, which generated more carriers and extracted more lighting from the µLED. The simulation data using SpeCLED software agreed well with these experiments, and µLED with a 0.8 contact ratio showed the best optoelectronic properties. 

https://nanoscalereslett.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s11671-022-03754-9

Effects of ITO Contact Sizes on Performance of Blue Light MicroLEDs

We demonstrate a hysteresis-free polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals (PSBP-LCs) as well as hysteresis-free dye-doped polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals (DDPSBP-LCs) by means of enlarging the domain size and improving the uniformity of the crystal orientations of PSBP-LC and DDPSBP-LC. The mechanism based on the crystal growth is proposed. The hysteresis-free PSBP-LC (or DDPSBP-LC) is important in PSBP-LC-based photonic devices, such as displays, electro-optical switches, and electrically tunable focusing LC lenses.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/21598/1/000316634600015.pdf

Yi-Hsin Lin

Papers

Polarization-independent liquid crystal phase modulation device

Origins of Kerr phase and orientational phase in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal

Effects of ITO Contact Sizes on Performance of Blue Light MicroLEDs

Hysteresis of polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals