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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) flooding attacks are one of the biggest concerns for security professionals. DDoS flooding attacks are typically explicit attempts to disrupt legitimate users' access to services. Attackers usually gain access to a large number of computers by exploiting their vulnerabilities to set up attack armies (i.e., Botnets). Once an attack army has been set up, an attacker can invoke a coordinated, large-scale attack against one or more targets. Developing a comprehensive defense mechanism against identified and anticipated DDoS flooding attacks is a desired goal of the intrusion detection and prevention research community. However, the development of such a mechanism requires a comprehensive understanding of the problem and the techniques that have been used thus far in preventing, detecting, and responding to various DDoS flooding attacks. In this paper, we explore the scope of the DDoS flooding attack problem and attempts to combat it. We categorize the DDoS flooding attacks and classify existing countermeasures based on where and when they prevent, detect, and respond to the DDoS flooding attacks. Moreover, we highlight the need for a comprehensive distributed and collaborative defense approach. Our primary intention for this work is to stimulate the research community into developing creative, effective, efficient, and comprehensive prevention, detection, and response mechanisms that address the DDoS flooding problem before, during and after an actual attack.

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A Survey of Defense Mechanisms Against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Flooding Attacks

Machine learning techniques are being widely used to develop an intrusion detection system (IDS) for detecting and classifying cyberattacks at the network-level and the host-level in a timely and automatic manner. However, many challenges arise since malicious attacks are continually changing and are occurring in very large volumes requiring a scalable solution. There are different malware datasets available publicly for further research by cyber security community. However, no existing study has shown the detailed analysis of the performance of various machine learning algorithms on various publicly available datasets. Due to the dynamic nature of malware with continuously changing attacking methods, the malware datasets available publicly are to be updated systematically and benchmarked. In this paper, a deep neural network (DNN), a type of deep learning model, is explored to develop a flexible and effective IDS to detect and classify unforeseen and unpredictable cyberattacks. The continuous change in network behavior and rapid evolution of attacks makes it necessary to evaluate various datasets which are generated over the years through static and dynamic approaches. This type of study facilitates to identify the best algorithm which can effectively work in detecting future cyberattacks. A comprehensive evaluation of experiments of DNNs and other classical machine learning classifiers are shown on various publicly available benchmark malware datasets. The optimal network parameters and network topologies for DNNs are chosen through the following hyperparameter selection methods with KDDCup 99 dataset. All the experiments of DNNs are run till 1,000 epochs with the learning rate varying in the range [0.01-0.5]. The DNN model which performed well on KDDCup 99 is applied on other datasets, such as NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, Kyoto, WSN-DS, and CICIDS 2017, to conduct the benchmark. Our DNN model learns the abstract and high-dimensional feature representation of the IDS data by passing them into many hidden layers. Through a rigorous experimental testing, it is confirmed that DNNs perform well in comparison with the classical machine learning classifiers. Finally, we propose a highly scalable and hybrid DNNs framework called scale-hybrid-IDS-AlertNet which can be used in real-time to effectively monitor the network traffic and host-level events to proactively alert possible cyberattacks.

/pdf/deep-learning-approach-for-intelligent-intrusion-detection-19gksnoeyl.pdf

Deep Learning Approach for Intelligent Intrusion Detection System

Pervasive growth of Internet of Things (IoT) is visible across the globe. The 2016 Dyn cyberattack exposed the critical fault-lines among smart networks. Security of IoT has become a critical concern. The danger exposed by infested Internet-connected Things not only affects the security of IoT but also threatens the complete Internet eco-system which can possibly exploit the vulnerable Things (smart devices) deployed as botnets. Mirai malware compromised the video surveillance devices and paralyzed Internet via distributed denial of service attacks. In the recent past, security attack vectors have evolved bothways, in terms of complexity and diversity. Hence, to identify and prevent or detect novel attacks, it is important to analyze techniques in IoT context. This survey classifies the IoT security threats and challenges for IoT networks by evaluating existing defense techniques. Our main focus is on network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs); hence, this paper reviews existing NIDS implementation tools and datasets as well as free and open-source network sniffing software. Then, it surveys, analyzes, and compares state-of-the-art NIDS proposals in the IoT context in terms of architecture, detection methodologies, validation strategies, treated threats, and algorithm deployments. The review deals with both traditional and machine learning (ML) NIDS techniques and discusses future directions. In this survey, our focus is on IoT NIDS deployed via ML since learning algorithms have a good success rate in security and privacy. The survey provides a comprehensive review of NIDSs deploying different aspects of learning techniques for IoT, unlike other top surveys targeting the traditional systems. We believe that, this paper will be useful for academia and industry research, first, to identify IoT threats and challenges, second, to implement their own NIDS and finally to propose new smart techniques in IoT context considering IoT limitations. Moreover, the survey will enable security individuals differentiate IoT NIDS from traditional ones.

Network Intrusion Detection for IoT Security Based on Learning Techniques

A Survey of Network-based Intrusion Detection Data Sets

A novel server-side defense scheme is proposed to resist the Web proxy-based distributed denial of service attack. The approach utilizes the temporal and spatial locality to extract the behavior features of the proxy-to-server traffic, which makes the scheme independent of the traffic intensity and frequently varying Web contents. A nonlinear mapping function is introduced to protect weak signals from the interference of infrequent large values. Then, a new hidden semi-Markov model parameterized by Gaussian-mixture and Gamma distributions is proposed to describe the time-varying traffic behavior of Web proxies. The new method reduces the number of parameters to be estimated, and can characterize the dynamic evolution of the proxy-to-server traffic rather than the static statistics. Two diagnosis approaches at different scales are introduced to meet the requirement of both fine-grained and coarse-grained detection. Soft control is a novel attack response method proposed in this work. It converts a suspicious traffic into a relatively normal one by behavior reshaping rather than rudely discarding. This measure can protect the quality of services of legitimate users. The experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Resisting Web Proxy-Based HTTP Attacks by Temporal and Spatial Locality Behavior

Network traffic modeling is a fundamental problem in communication. A traffic model should be able to capture and reproduce various properties of a real trace. Despite the widespread success of most numerical models in various applications, few actually focus on the oscillation behavior proven to be one of the basic properties in network traffic. In this paper, a new mathematical method is proposed to model and synthesize stationary and nonstationary oscillatory processes of network traffic. The proposed model is based on the structure of the hierarchical hidden Markov model, which includes two nested hidden Markov chains and one observable process. The first-layer hidden Markov chain with variable state-duration controls the time-varying oscillatory process. Conditional on the first-layer Markov chain, the local fluctuation process is modeled by the second-layer hidden Markov chain. Algorithms are derived for inference of model parameters and traffic synthesis. The proposed approach is compared with four classical models for performance evaluation. The selected performance criterion includes time structure, statistical properties, self-similarity, queuing behavior and multiscale properties. The flexibility and accuracy of the proposed model results in a close fit to the real traces.

Modeling Oscillation Behavior of Network Traffic by Nested Hidden Markov Model with Variable State-Duration

Anomaly detection for cloud servers is important for detecting zero-day attacks. However, it is very challenging due to the large amount of accumulated data. In this paper, a new mathematical model for modeling dynamic usage behavior and detecting anomalies is proposed. It is constructed using state summarization and a novel nested-arc hidden semi-Markov model (NAHSMM). State summarization is designed to extract usage behavior reflective states from a raw sequence. The NAHSMM is comprised of exterior and interior hidden Markov chains. The exterior controls the propagation of raw sequences of system calls and, conditional on it, the interior one controls the summarized observation process from the transition less usage behavior reflective states. An anomaly detection algorithm is derived by integrating state summarization and NAHSMM. During training the algorithm is assisted by a forensic module to tune the behavioral threshold. Experimental data is collected using IXIA Perfect Storm in conjunction with the commercial security-test hardware platform cyber range. To evaluate the reliability of the proposed model, first, its accuracy and training costs are compared with those of existing machine-learning models and then its scalability and resistance capabilities are tested. The results indicate that this model could be used as a method for detecting anomalies in cloud servers.

Detecting Anomalous Behavior in Cloud Servers by Nested-Arc Hidden SEMI-Markov Model with State Summarization

The generation of representative computer system behavior profile from system calls in LINUX environments to establish reliable Host Based Anomaly Detection Systems (HADS) against Next Generation of Attacks (NGA) is a challenge due to two major reasons. Firstly, NGA causes a low footprint upon host activities and consequently, attack activities are difficult to detect from normal computer processes in terms of accuracy and processing time. Secondly, there is no effective method to extract the natural difference from the two different types of traces (e.g. normal or abnormal) of system calls. Following these reasons, a semi-supervised model is proposed, which is comprised of two parts. Firstly, to establish an unsupervised computer behavior classification, an integer data zero-watermarking algorithm is developed to extract abstract hidden representation of system calls. This hidden representation constitutes the natural difference between attack and normal computer system behavior in real-time. Secondly, various supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and normalizations are realized with proposed hidden representation of the system calls to evaluate the semi-supervised model in HADS. To evaluate the performance in terms of accuracy and processing time, the publicly available bench mark host based data sets: ADFA-LD and KDD 98 have been utilized. Each data set is the collection of traces of processes and each trace comprises of process's system calls. Experimental results shows that the suggested semi-supervised model outperforms existing methodologies in terms of accuracy and processing time for the detection of low and high foot print attacks.

Integer Data Zero-Watermark Assisted System Calls Abstraction and Normalization for Host Based Anomaly Detection Systems

It is essential to acquire the location of sensor nodes in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), since the data collected with nodes would become meaningless without their location. In the existing studies, range-free localization schemes have been proved suitable to large-scaled WSNs due to the low cost in hardware implementation. However, the defect of those schemes is their poor accuracy in anisotropic networks with coverage holes. To tackle this problem, we propose a range-free localization scheme that combines the advantages of geometric constraint and hop progress-based methods. The geometric information provided by the combination of anchor pairs and unknown nodes is used to design the discrimination conditions, and each node divides the anchor pairs into one of three proposed categories. For different categories of anchor pairs, corresponding methods are proposed to estimate the distancse between sensor nodes. In this way, the trade-off between distance estimation accuracy and anchor utilization can be achieved. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms other schemes in terms of localization accuracy and proportion of outliers with acceptable computational and time complexity, where the localization accuracy and proportion of outliers in the proposed scheme are improved by up to 47% and 61% compared to DV-maxHop.

Yi Xie

Papers

Resisting Web Proxy-Based HTTP Attacks by Temporal and Spatial Locality Behavior

Modeling Oscillation Behavior of Network Traffic by Nested Hidden Markov Model with Variable State-Duration

Detecting Anomalous Behavior in Cloud Servers by Nested-Arc Hidden SEMI-Markov Model with State Summarization

Integer Data Zero-Watermark Assisted System Calls Abstraction and Normalization for Host Based Anomaly Detection Systems

A Novel Range-Free Localization Scheme Based on Anchor Pairs Condition Decision in Wireless Sensor Networks