Immobilization of cells offers advantages to the food process industries, including enhanced fermentation productivity and cell stability and reduced downstream processing costs due to facilitated cell recovery and recycle. This article summarizes the varied immobilization methodologies, including adsorption, entrapment, covalent binding, and microencapsulation. Examples of interest to the food industry are provided, together with a review of the physiological effects of immobilization. Topics in process engineering include immobilized cell bioreactor configurations and the scale-up potential of the various immobilization techniques.

Immobilization of Cells for Application in the Food Industry

Mass-transfer in rotating packed beds—I. Development of gas—liquid and liquid—solid mass-transfer correlations

The field of encapsulation, especially microencapsulation, is a rapidly growing area of research and product development. The Handbook of Encapsulation and Controlled Release covers the entire field, presenting the fundamental processes involved and exploring how to use those processes for different applications in industry. Written at a level comp

Handbook of Encapsulation and Controlled Release

Mass-transfer in rotating packed beds—II. Experimental results and comparison with theory and gravity flow

Rotary atomization in the ligament formation mode

Various theoretical solutions including the author''s for the thickness of a viscous liquid film on a rotating disk are presented in terms of two dimensionless parameters and are compared with experimental results. The film thickness on the disk was measured by a micrometer which is movable with a needle used as a surface detector. The numerical solution of the equations as simplified by von Karman''s method and Bruin''s solution agree well with the experimental results in a wide range of operating conditions. Polynomial approximation with orders up to fourth and fifth degree is usable to predict the film thickness.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcej1968/6/6/6_6_503/_pdf

Yoighi Takashima

Papers

The thickness of aviscous liquid film on a rotating disk

Phenomenal transition of liquid atomization from disk