The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

and Fuels Changzhi Li,† Xiaochen Zhao,† Aiqin Wang,† George W. Huber,†,‡ and Tao Zhang*,† †State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States

Catalytic Transformation of Lignin for the Production of Chemicals and Fuels

Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers

Polyurethanes (PUs) are a class of versatile materials with great potential for use in different applications, especially based on their structure–property relationships. Their specific mechanical, physical, biological, and chemical properties are attracting significant research attention to tailoring PUs for use in different applications. Enhancement of the properties and performance of PU-based materials may be achieved through changes to the production process or the raw materials used in their fabrication or via the use of advanced characterization techniques. Clearly, modification of the raw materials and production process through proper methods can produce PUs that are suitable for varied specific applications. The present study aims to shed light on the chemistry, types, and synthesis of different kinds of PUs. Some of the important research studies relating to PUs, including their synthesis method, characterization techniques, and research findings, are comprehensively discussed. Herein, recent advances in new types of PUs and their synthesis for various applications are also presented. Furthermore, information is provided on the environmental friendliness of the PUs, with a specific emphasis on their recyclability and recoverability.

https://ir.unikl.edu.my/jspui/bitstream/123456789/15237/1/Polyurethane%20types%2c%20synthesis%20and%20applications%20%e2%80%93%20a%20review.pdf

Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review

Lignin is readily available as a by-product from the pulp and paper industry. It is considered to be a promising substitute for phenol in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin synthesis, given the increasing concerns of the shortage of fossil resources and the environmental impact from petroleum-based products. One hurdle that prevents the commercial utilization of lignin is its low reactivity due to its chemical structure. Many efforts have been made to improve its reactivity by modification and/or depolymerization of lignin molecules. Methylolation and phenolation are the two most studied modification approaches aimed at introducing reactive functional groups to lignin molecules. Modified lignin from these two methods could partially replace phenol in PF resin synthesis. Demethylation of lignin could effectively increase the reactivity of lignin by forming catechol moieties in the lignin macromolecule. Other methods, including reduction, oxidation, and hydrolysis, have also been studied to improve the reactivity of lignin as well as to produce phenolic compounds from lignin. Most current methods of lignin modification are not economically attractive. One can expect that efforts will be continued, aimed at improving the utilization of lignin for value-added products.

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BioRes_06_3_3515_Hu_PZZ_Meth_Improv_Lignin_Rx_Phenolic_Cpds_Review_1601.pdf

Methods to improve lignin’s reactivity as a phenol substitute and as replacement for other phenolic compounds: a brief review

Synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams with castor oil-based flame retardant polyols

The study of mechanical behavior and flame retardancy of castor oil phosphate-based rigid polyurethane foam composites containing expanded graphite and triethyl phosphate

The waste cooking oil (WCO) production from the catering industry and food processing industry causes serious environmental, economic and social problems. However, WCO can be used for the preparation of fine chemicals such as internal plasticizer. With this aim, this work is focused on preparing internal plasticizer by using WCO and determining technical viability of non-migration poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) materials. The mannich base of waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) was synthesized from WCO via esterification, interesterification and mannich reaction, which was used to produce self-plasticization PVC materials as an internal plasticizer. The results showed that the PVC was plasticized effectively. Self-plasticization PVC films showed no migration in n-hexane, but 15.7% of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) leached from DOP/PVC(50/50) system into n-hexane. These findings transformed the traditional plastic processing technology and obtained cleaner production of no migration plasticizer from WCO.

/pdf/a-strategy-for-nonmigrating-plasticized-pvc-modified-with-72e53oz5jk.pdf

A Strategy for Nonmigrating Plasticized PVC Modified with Mannich base of Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Ester.

The use of vegetable oil based plasticizers can create new application for plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) materials. In this study, novel environmental castor oil based polyol esters (COPE-1, ECOPE-1, COPE-2 and ECOPE-2) were synthesized and characterized with FT-IR and 1H NMR. PVC materials were prepared via blending the synthesized castor oil based polyol esters as the main plasticizer. Properties of the PVC materials were investigated and compared to those of commercial plasticizers (DOP and ESO). The results showed that castor oil based polyol esters could significantly improve thermal stability of PVC blends. Plasticizing effect of COPE-2 and ECOPE-2 on PVC was better than that of DOP, ESO, COPE-1 and ECOPE-1. Migration stability and volatility stability of tests showed that with the increasing of the molecular weight of castor oil based polyol esters, the migration stability and volatility stability are enhanced. They could be with potential application used in food packing, children toys an...

Yonghong Zhou

Papers

Methods to improve lignin’s reactivity as a phenol substitute and as replacement for other phenolic compounds: a brief review

Synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams with castor oil-based flame retardant polyols

The study of mechanical behavior and flame retardancy of castor oil phosphate-based rigid polyurethane foam composites containing expanded graphite and triethyl phosphate

A Strategy for Nonmigrating Plasticized PVC Modified with Mannich base of Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Ester.

Synthesis and Application of Environmental Castor Oil Based Polyol Ester Plasticizers for Poly(vinyl chloride)