다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Textiles have been concomitant of human civilization for thousands of years. With the advances in chemistry and materials, integrating textiles with energy harvesters will provide a sustainable, environmentally friendly, pervasive, and wearable energy solution for distributed on-body electronics in the era of Internet of Things. This article comprehensively and thoughtfully reviews research activities regarding the utilization of smart textiles for harvesting energy from renewable energy sources on the human body and its surroundings. Specifically, we start with a brief introduction to contextualize the significance of smart textiles in light of the emerging energy crisis, environmental pollution, and public health. Next, we systematically review smart textiles according to their abilities to harvest biomechanical energy, body heat energy, biochemical energy, solar energy as well as hybrid forms of energy. Finally, we provide a critical analysis of smart textiles and insights into remaining challenges and future directions. With worldwide efforts, innovations in chemistry and materials elaborated in this review will push forward the frontiers of smart textiles, which will soon revolutionize our lives in the era of Internet of Things.

Smart Textiles for Electricity Generation.

제6차 가정과 교육과정운영은 어떻게 할 것인가

Numerous light-based diagnostic and therapeutic devices are routinely used in the clinic. These devices have a familiar look as items plugged in the wall or placed at patients' bedsides, but recently, many new ideas have been proposed for the realization of implantable or wearable functional devices. Many advances are being fuelled by the development of multifunctional materials for photonic healthcare devices. However, the finite depth of light penetration in the body is still a serious constraint for their clinical applications. In this Review, we discuss the basic concepts and some examples of state-of-the-art implantable and wearable photonic healthcare devices for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. First, we describe emerging multifunctional materials critical to the advent of next-generation implantable and wearable photonic healthcare devices and discuss the path for their clinical translation. Then, we examine implantable photonic healthcare devices in terms of their properties and diagnostic and therapeutic functions. We next describe exemplary cases of noninvasive, wearable photonic healthcare devices across different anatomical applications. Finally, we discuss the future research directions for the field, in particular regarding mobile healthcare and personalized medicine.

Multifunctional materials for implantable and wearable photonic healthcare devices.

Photovoltaic devices have become ideal alternatives to common energy sources due to their excellent mechanical robustness and high power conversion efficiency, which can meet the human requirements for green, inexpensive and portable electricity sources. Moreover, due to the rapid development of wearable devices, telecommunication, transportation, advanced sensors, etc., the need for green and accessible power sources for these state-of-the-art devices accompanied with appropriate mechanical stability has become a new challenge. In this regard, flexible–wearable photovoltaic platforms can be easily adapted to any device/substrate and can supply diverse electronic devices with their required energy via harvesting energy from sunlight. Similarly, photovoltaic platforms can be integrated into hybrid platforms and can be used in diverse applications. Herein, we summarize the recent approaches to developing flexible–wearable solar cells as energy sources for supplying self-powered wearable devices. In this regard, first, recent advances in transparent flexible electrodes and their diversities are reported; then, recently developed flexible solar cells and important factors for designing these platforms are summarized. Further, flexible solar cells are categorized into five different sections (i.e., perovskite, dye-sensitized, organic, fiber-shaped and textile solar cells) and their mechanisms, working principles and design criteria along with their recent advances have been discussed. Finally, novel applications of wearable sensors/devices are summarized and reported to highlight the functionality of these practical platforms.

Recent progress in flexible–wearable solar cells for self-powered electronic devices

Because of their advantages, polymer solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising candidates for the next generation power source of various wearable and optoelectronic applications. However, the damage caused by washing, which is essential for wearable applications, deteriorates the characteristics of the device and conventional encapsulation barriers. This study developed an encapsulation barrier which prevented moisture permeability even during the washing process, by introducing a SiO2–polymer composite capping layer. The chemical stability imparted by a reaction between SiO2 and Al2O3 can prevent the phase transitions that are the cause of degradation. The proposed encapsulation barrier preserves its physical and chemical properties, such as thickness, roughness, and permeability, after washing. Also, we proposed a real textile-based PSC, which is a profitable wearable device, since it uses the textile itself as a platform. This means that the PSCs are very flexible and can be designed to match energy consumption by controlling the power area. Finally, it was determined that textile-based optoelectronic modules including PSCs, organic light emitting diodes, and the proposed encapsulation barrier exhibited little change in characteristics even after 20 washings with 10 minutes cycles. In addition, the encapsulated device operated stably with a low curvature radius (3 mm) and boasted high reliability. It exhibited no deterioration in properties over 30 days even after being subjected to both bending stress and washing. This work suggests an important direction for the practical realization of wearable optoelectronic devices on real textiles.

Textile-based washable polymer solar cells for optoelectronic modules: toward self-powered smart clothing

Advances in material science and nanotechnology have fostered the miniaturization of devices. Over the past two decades, the form-factor of these devices has evolved from 3D rigid, volumetric devices through 2D film-based flexible electronics, finally to 1D fiber electronics (fibertronics). In this regard, fibertronic strategies toward wearable applications (e.g., electronic textiles (e-textiles)) have attracted considerable attention thanks to their capability to impart various functions into textiles with retaining textiles' intrinsic properties as well as imperceptible irritation by foreign matters. In recent years, extensive research has been carried out to develop various functional devices in the fiber form. Among various features, lighting and display features are the highly desirable functions in wearable electronics. This article discusses the recent progress of materials, architectural designs, and new fabrication technologies of fiber-shaped lighting devices and the current challenges corresponding to each device's operating mechanism. Moreover, opportunities and applications that the revolutionary convergence between the state-of-the-art fibertronic technology and age-long textile industry will bring in the future are also discussed.

Recent Progress of Fiber Shaped Lighting Devices for Smart Display Applications-A Fibertronic Perspective.

Free-form optoelectronic devices can provide hyper-connectivity over space and time. However, most conformable optoelectronic devices can only be fabricated on flat polymeric materials using low-temperature processes, limiting their application and forms. This paper presents free-form optoelectronic devices that are not dependent on the shape or material. For medical applications, the transferable OLED (10 μm) is formed in a sandwich structure with an ultra-thin transferable barrier (4.8 μm). The results showed that the fabricated sandwich-structure transferable OLED (STOLED) exhibit the same high-efficiency performance on cylindrical-shaped materials and on materials such as textile and paper. Because the neutral axis is freely adjustable using the sandwich structure, the textile-based OLED achieved both folding reliability and washing reliability, as well as a long operating life (>150 h). When keratinocytes were irradiated with red STOLED light, cell proliferation and cell migration increased by 26 and 32%, respectively. In the skin equivalent model, the epidermis thickness was increased by 39%; additionally, in organ culture, not only was the skin area increased by 14%, but also, re-epithelialization was highly induced. Based on the results, the STOLED is expected to be applicable in various wearable and disposable photomedical devices. Korean scientists have developed an ultrathin flexible optoelectronic device for use in patches that can be worn on the skin to promote wound healing or to treat diseased cells. Optoelectronic devices that have no fixed shape and are flexible, wearable and disposable are attracting considerable attention as they can be placed close to the skin, providing an effective way to treat wounds. However, making conventional wearable optoelectronics requires complicated processes and produces poorly performing devices with short operating lifetimes. Now, Kyung Cheol Choi and colleagues from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital in the Republic of Korea have made a reliable and high performing sandwich-structure ultrathin organic light-emitting diode. The device paves the way for wearable and disposable patches for healing wounds and other types of phototherapy.

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Sandwich-structure transferable free-form OLEDs for wearable and disposable skin wound photomedicine.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a safe and noninvasive method that can provide various clinical effects. However, conventional PBM devices using point light sources, such as light-emitting diodes and lasers have various disadvantages, such as low flexibility, relatively heavy weight, and nonuniform effects. This paper presents a novel wearable PBM patch using a flexible red-wavelength organic light-emitting diode (OLED) surface light source, which can be attached to the human body as a personalized PBM platform. The palm-sized wearable PBM patch can be very light (0.82 g) and thin (676 µm). It also has a reasonable operation life (>300 h), flexibility (20 mm bending radius), and low-temperature operation (<40 °C), and it can provide wide and safe application irrespective of location and time. Fibroblasts, a major type of dermal cells, play a key role in the wound healing process. The results show that OLEDs may have excellent in vitro wound healing effects because they effectively stimulate fibroblast proliferation (over 58% of control) and enhance fibroblast migration (over 46% of control) under various conditions. For maximum effect, peak wavelength control is necessary to optimize cell proliferation and enhance in vivo wound healing effects.

A Wearable Photobiomodulation Patch Using a Flexible Red-Wavelength OLED and Its In Vitro Differential Cell Proliferation Effects

The lack of a transparent, flexible, and reliable encapsulation layer for organic-based devices makes it difficult to commercialize wearable, transparent, flexible displays The reliability of organic-based devices sensitive to water vapor and oxygen must be guaranteed through an additional encapsulation layer for the luminance efficiency and lifetime Especially, one of the major difficulties in current and future OLED applications has been the absence of thin-film encapsulation with superior barrier performance, mechanical flexibility, and water-resistant properties In this work, we fabricated highly water-resistant, impermeable, and flexible inorganic/organic multilayers with optimized Al2O3 and functional organic layers The key properties of the fabricated multilayers were compared according to the thickness and functionality of the inorganic and organic layers Improvement of the barrier performance is mainly attributed to the optimized thickness of the Al2O3 films, and is additionally due to the i

Yongmin Jeon

Papers

Textile-based washable polymer solar cells for optoelectronic modules: toward self-powered smart clothing

Recent Progress of Fiber Shaped Lighting Devices for Smart Display Applications-A Fibertronic Perspective.

Sandwich-structure transferable free-form OLEDs for wearable and disposable skin wound photomedicine.

A Wearable Photobiomodulation Patch Using a Flexible Red-Wavelength OLED and Its In Vitro Differential Cell Proliferation Effects

Design of Highly Water Resistant, Impermeable, and Flexible Thin-Film Encapsulation Based on Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Layers.