다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Thank you for reading principles of optics electromagnetic theory of propagation interference and diffraction of light. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their favorite novels like this principles of optics electromagnetic theory of propagation interference and diffraction of light, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their computer.

Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

When light interacts with a metal nanoparticle (NP), its conduction electrons can be driven by the incident electric field in collective oscillations known as localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). These give rise to a drastic alteration of the incident radiation pattern and to striking effects such as the subwavelength localization of electromagnetic (EM) energy, the formation of high intensity hot spots at the NP surface, or the directional scattering of light out of the structure. LSPRs can also couple to the EM fields emitted by molecules, atoms, or quantum dots placed in the vicinity of the NP, leading in turn to a strong modification of the radiative and nonradiative properties of the emitter. Since LSPRs enable an efficient transfer of EM energy from the near to the far-field of metal NPs and vice versa, we can consider plasmonic nanostructures as nanoantennas, because they operate in a similar way to radio antennas but at higher frequencies. Typically, plasmonic nanoantennas at optical frequencies are made of gold and silver due to their goodmetallic properties and low absorption. Controlling and guiding light has been one of science’s most influential achievements. It affects everyday life in many ways, such as the development of telescopes, microscopes, spectrometers, and optical fibers, to name but a few. These examples exploit the wave nature of light and are based on the reflection, refraction and diffraction of light by optical elements such as mirrors, lenses or gratings. However, the wave nature of light limits the resolution to which an object can be imaged, as well as the size of the transverse cross section of efficient guiding structures to the wavelength dimension. Plasmonic resonances in nanoantennas overcome these constraints, allowing unprecedented control of light-matter interactions within subwavelength volumes (i.e., within the nanoscale at optical frequencies). Such properties have attracted much interest lately, due to the implications they have both in fundamental research and in technological applications. Metal NPs have been used since antiquity. Due to their strong scattering properties in the visible range, they show attractive colors. One of their first applications, dating back to the Roman Empire more than 2000 years ago, was as a colorant for clothing. In art, they were used to stain window glass and ceramics. Obviously, it was not known then that the colorants being used contained metal NPs or that the spectacular colors were due to the excitation of LSPRs. The first reported intentional production of metal NPs dates from 1857, when Faraday synthesized gold colloids. However, at the time there was not much interest in understanding the physics behind the optical properties of colloids due to the impossibility of synthesizing NPs with well-controlled shapes and sizes, as well as the lack of accurate detection techniques. The first theoretical work on the scattering of light by particles smaller than the incident wavelength was carried out by Lord Rayleigh at the end of the 19th century. He analyzed the diffusion of light by diluted gases, and his theory explained physical phenomena such as the blueness of the sky, the redness of the sunset, or the yellow color of the sun. Mie took the next step forward by deriving an analytical solution to Maxwell’s equations to describe the interaction of light with spheres of arbitrary radius and composition. Subsequently, based on the results of Rayleigh and Mie, Gans considered elliptical geometries. He demonstrated that the optical response of metal NPs is

Plasmonic nanoantennas: fundamentals and their use in controlling the radiative properties of nanoemitters.

Optical Waveguide Theory

A transparent paper made of chitin nanofibers (ChNF) is introduced and its utilization as a substrate for flexible organic light-emitting diodes is demonstrated. Given its promising macroscopic properties, biofriendly characteristics, and availability of the raw material, the utilization of the ChNF transparent paper as a structural platform for flexible green electronics is envisaged.

Chitin Nanofiber Transparent Paper for Flexible Green Electronics.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are established as a mainstream light source for display applications and can now be found in a plethora of consumer electronic devices used daily. This success can be attributed to the rich luminescent properties of organic materials, but efficiency enhancement made over the last few decades has also played a significant role in making OLEDs a practically viable technology. This report summarizes the efforts made so far to improve the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of OLEDs and discusses what should further be done to push toward the ultimate efficiency that can be offered by OLEDs. The study indicates that EQE close to 58% and 80% can be within reach without and with additional light extraction structures, respectively, with an optimal combination of cavity engineering, low-index transport layers, and horizontal dipole orientation. In addition, recent endeavors to identify possible applications of OLEDs beyond displays are presented with emphasis on their potential in wearable healthcare, such as OLED-based pulse oximetry as well as phototherapeutic applications based on body-attachable flexible OLED patches. OLEDs with fabric-like form factors and washable encapsulation strategies are also introduced as technologies essential to the success of OLED-based wearable electronics.

Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: Pushing toward the Limits and Beyond

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are remarkably promising display devices that can function in mechanically flexible configurations on a plastic substrate due to various compelling properties, including organic constituents, ultrathin and simple structure, and low-temperature fabrication. In spite of successful demonstrations of flexible OLEDs, some technical issues of containing relatively thick transparent electrodes made of ceramic materials and an unstable flexible encapsulation system have impeded reaching high levels of reliability and durability toward full commercialization. This review covers recent developments in structure designs for highly durable flexible OLEDs, ranging from alternative transparent electrodes to thin-film encapsulation layers, in which solution concepts for the existing critical issues of flexible OLEDs are addressed. Emerging unusual substrates and their application strategies are additionally introduced to find intimations of future display technologies and hence to disclose nonclassic flexible OLEDs.

A Review of Flexible OLEDs Toward Highly Durable Unusual Displays

With the great interest in “plasmonics”, metallic nano structures have been used for optical applications. The accompanying optical resonance, known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), has highly motivated researchers because this unique optical phenomenon shows strong interaction with lights within a tiny volume of space. Surface plasmons (SPs) in optically thin metal fi lms contribute to extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through subwavelength apertures. [ 1 ] Therefore, researchers have suggested plasmonic color fi lters (PCFs) with a selective fi ltering function in subwavelength metallic holes. [ 2–6 ]

Plasmonic Color Filter and its Fabrication for Large-Area Applications

Because of their advantages, polymer solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising candidates for the next generation power source of various wearable and optoelectronic applications. However, the damage caused by washing, which is essential for wearable applications, deteriorates the characteristics of the device and conventional encapsulation barriers. This study developed an encapsulation barrier which prevented moisture permeability even during the washing process, by introducing a SiO2–polymer composite capping layer. The chemical stability imparted by a reaction between SiO2 and Al2O3 can prevent the phase transitions that are the cause of degradation. The proposed encapsulation barrier preserves its physical and chemical properties, such as thickness, roughness, and permeability, after washing. Also, we proposed a real textile-based PSC, which is a profitable wearable device, since it uses the textile itself as a platform. This means that the PSCs are very flexible and can be designed to match energy consumption by controlling the power area. Finally, it was determined that textile-based optoelectronic modules including PSCs, organic light emitting diodes, and the proposed encapsulation barrier exhibited little change in characteristics even after 20 washings with 10 minutes cycles. In addition, the encapsulated device operated stably with a low curvature radius (3 mm) and boasted high reliability. It exhibited no deterioration in properties over 30 days even after being subjected to both bending stress and washing. This work suggests an important direction for the practical realization of wearable optoelectronic devices on real textiles.

Kyung Cheol Choi

Papers

Chitin Nanofiber Transparent Paper for Flexible Green Electronics.

Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: Pushing toward the Limits and Beyond

A Review of Flexible OLEDs Toward Highly Durable Unusual Displays

Plasmonic Color Filter and its Fabrication for Large-Area Applications

Textile-based washable polymer solar cells for optoelectronic modules: toward self-powered smart clothing